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Introduction
The impact of various surface types on flooding is significant. Impermeable surfaces, such as concrete or asphalt, do not allow water to infiltrate into the ground which may lead to higher surface runoff and potentially exacerbating flood events. Conversely, permeable surfaces, like soil and grass, absorb water, potentially reducing runoff and mitigating flood risks. Additionally, surfaces with vegetation can slow down the flow of water, allowing more time for infiltration. Therefore, urban planning and land use decisions greatly influence flood dynamics and can either contribute to or alleviate flooding issues [1].
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines Low Impact Development (LID) as a strategic management approach along with a set of practices aimed at minimizing runoff and pollutants by effectively managing runoff at its primary sources. LID uses methods that encourage the utilization of natural systems for infiltration, evapotranspiration, and rainwater harvesting [2, 3]. LID is one of several strategies to mitigate development impacts, with similarities among them but each has unique features. Green Stormwater Infrastructure, or Wet Weather Green Infrastructure, are other terminologies for these strategies that prioritize natural or engineered ecosystems to manage stormwater runoff effectively. Green infrastructure methods such as rain gardens, permeable soils or pavements, and green roofs imitate natural processes to capture stormwater. These infrastructures can decelerate flow and allow a portion of water to soak into the ground and filter out pollutants before releasing the remaining water into storm sewers or water bodies [4, 5].
Of the various permeable pavement solutions available, one pavement layer choice is pervious concrete (PC) which is known for its effective surface infiltration rate and helping to manage stormwater. PC contributes to preserving natural hydrologic processes within developed areas by facilitating distributed infiltration of rainwater through its high void content into the subsurface while offering a durable structural surface that may be used for vehicles or pedestrians similar to other paved services [6]. PC pores facilitate the infiltration of rainwater into storage beds or soils below, frequently reducing peak runoff rates in urban areas and mitigating downstream environmental impacts [7]. Typically, PC is installed as a system consisting of a layer of pervious concrete placed over an aggregate base or natural sand layer. Aside from decreasing runoff volume, these systems may offer...