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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Direct-injection technology applied in hydrogen internal combustion engines can effectively prevent backfire, thereby improving the engine performance. Nonetheless, optimizing the injection strategy is highly intricate, requiring a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogen–air mixture formation process inside the cylinder. In this study, a simulation of hydrogen–air mixture formation was systematically conducted in a hydrogen direct-injection internal combustion engine using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Under rated conditions, the influence of the nozzle hole number, injection direction, injection timing, and combustion chamber geometry on the mixture formation was analyzed from the perspectives of flow state and mass transfer. The results indicate that more nozzle holes would lead to more significant non-uniformity of the mixture, mainly due to the Coanda effect. The normalized standard deviation (NSD) of a six-hole nozzle design is 0.3495, which is higher than the NSD of all the single-hole nozzle conditions. By changing the hydrogen injection timing from −144 °CA to −136 °CA, the non-uniformity coefficient of the mixture is little affected, while notable differences in the distribution of the mixture are observed. The appropriate injection directions and optimized combustion chamber geometries could also help to effectively organize the in-cylinder flow, significantly improving the uniformity of the in-cylinder mixture and reducing the likelihood of abnormal combustion events.

Details

Title
A Numerical Simulation of Mixture Formation in a Hydrogen Direct-Injection Internal Combustion Engine
Author
Chen, Hao 1 ; Zhao, Kai 2 ; Luo, Linlei 3 ; Ma, Zhihao 3 ; Hu, Zhichao 4 ; Li, Xin 3 ; Qu, Pengcheng 3 ; Pei, Yiqiang 4 ; An, Yanzhao 4 ; Zhang, Gao 2 

 College of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; [email protected] (H.C.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (P.Q.); Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang 471023, China 
 CATARC Automotive Test Center (Changzhou) Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213164, China; [email protected] (K.Z.); [email protected] (Z.G.) 
 College of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; [email protected] (H.C.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (P.Q.) 
 State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; [email protected] (Z.H.); [email protected] (Y.P.); [email protected] (Y.A.) 
First page
11317
Publication year
2024
Publication date
2024
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20763417
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
3143986177
Copyright
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.