Prevalence Around Inflammatory Caspases in Urinary Tract Infections, Review.

Introduction

One of the most prevalent infections in humans is urinary tract infection (UTI), which is mainly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)¹. UTIs can be interpreted as the characteristic presence of pathogens in the urinary tract, such as the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra^1-3. It is a multifactorial disease that depends on factors such as age, family and individual history of patients, medical complications, and sexual activity. According to projections, 50% of women will have UTI at least once in their lifetime. A higher chance of recurrence within 3-4 months appears to be present in women with a history of UTIs. Women are at greater risk than men because of the short urethra. The incidence of UTIs increases with age. In every age group, the major problem in treating UTIs is disease recurrence ^4-7 owing to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains ^8-11. UTIs are classified mainly into cystitis and pyelonephritis based on the top and bottom urinary tract infections. Cystitis, prostatitis, and urethritis are upper urinary tract infections with many host risk factors, such as antibiotic use, sexual activity, family history, and postmenopausal age ¹² Pyelonephritis (acute, chronic, and interstitial) perirenal and renal blisters are lower urinary tract infections of the kidney with associated host risk factors such as pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, catheterization, and a weak immune defense system¹². Both upper and lower UTI are further divided into complicated and uncomplicated UTIs. Uncomplicated UTIs usually occur in persons with no structural or functional abnormalities in the urinary tract and no significant comorbidities that can result in serious outcomes in the future, and who are otherwise healthy. UTIs can be complicated if they are associated with pregnancy, structural and functional abnormalities, obstruction in urine flow, comorbidities such as poorly controlled diabetes, immunosuppression, indwelling catheters, and exposure to antibiotics. Complicated UTIs increase the risk of further infection in the patient’s body. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are a major cause of bloodstream infection.

The major causative pathogens of urinary tract infections are bacteria (gram-positive and gram-negative) and a few fungal species. The uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) account for more than 80% infection in urinary tract and involved in both complicated and uncomplicated infections^13,14. Other pathogen besides UPEC causing...