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Abstract
The world is facing a water crisis because the population is growing, people are using more water, and more wastewater is being produced. The increase in wastewater production means that there needs to be more treatment of this waste. This treatment generates sludge, which is dangerous for the environment and for people's health. Dewatering sludge is an important part of treating it, which can be done better by treating this with coagulants. The seeds of Moringa oleifera,or MO, have the potential to be employed as a coagulant, making them a less expensive and environmentally friendly alternative. MO seeds were shelled, crushed, and their oil content removed before being dried at 45°C for 24 hours to extract the active coagulant. The active coagulant components were extracted by mixing the processed seed with a NaCl solution (10 % m/v), being the 1.0 M concentration found to be optimal. The extraction was done in two ways: one with ordinary agitation (MOC) and the other with ultrasound assistance (MOC-U), both of which were filtered to remove undissolved particles. The sludge was conditioned using a jar test with fixed rapid and slow mix configurations and different coagulant dosages. The dewatering trials were carried out for 24 hours in dewatering columns with varying sludge height (10, 20 and 40 cm) and a fixed 10 cm filtering medium of inert material. TS, volume of filtered removed, COD, pH, and turbidity were the parameters analyzed. For all experiments, the MOC coagulant increased the sludge's dewatering capacities, however the MOC-U coagulant had most of the outcomes below the control experiment results. The MOC coagulant produced the most satisfactory results in studies with an initial sludge height of 10 cm. The best TS and filtrated removal values were 18.6% and 87 mL, respectively. COD values have been demonstrated to increase as coagulant dosage is increased. In addition, the initial sludge height has been shown to have a negative impact on the sludge's dewatering abilities. To optimize the extraction process employing ultrasound technology, more research is needed. Further testing in the conditioning phase is also required to enhance the sludge dewatering process.





