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Introduction
Despite advances in disease management, colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide [1]. Early diagnosis and disease management based on risk stratification had a very positive impact on COAD prognosis [2, 3]. Therefore, developing accurate risk assessment models and identifying predictive molecular biomarkers is urgently needed for COAD patients [4].
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in a variety of biological processes [5]. LncRNAs can interact with RNA, DNA, and proteins to form complexes, thereby regulating gene expression through various mechanisms, such as modulating transcription, mRNA stability, and translation [6, 7]. In addition, lncRNAs can also regulate the level of chemical reactions by acting as scaffolds or decoys for proteins or RNA, or adjust gene expression by influencing the structure of chromatin [5, 8]. LncRNAs also play a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of COAD [9]. In COAD, multiple biological functions including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell metastasis and invasion, cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells (CSCs), and drug resistance have been reported to be associated with lncRNAs [10].
PANoptosis, a unique form of programmed cell death (PCD) discovered in recent years, is defined as an inflammatory cell death regulated by the PANoptosome. It shares key characteristics of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis [11]. The key components of PANoptosome include RIPK1, ASC, RIPK3, CASP6, ZBP1 and CASP1 [12]. PANoptosome assembly is mediated by key molecular motifs collectively known as death fold domains, and defects in its components have been implicated in a range of human diseases, including carcinogenesis process [13]. The potential prognostic value of PANoptosis for COAD has been reported [14]. PANoptosis is regulated by IRF1 to prevent colorectal cancer [15]. However, the role of PANoptosis in COAD is not fully studied.
In this study, we screened PANoptosis associated lncRNAs (PALs) that were associated with the prognosis of COAD. Based on the expression patterns of prognostic PAL features, COAD samples were classified into distinct PAL molecular subtypes, which were then analyzed for variations in immune infiltration characteristics. Then we constructed a PAL scoring model based on the prognostic characteristics, and verified the prognostic value of the PAL scoring system by establishing a nomogram diagnostic model. Pathway enrichment analysis, somatic mutation characteristics and drug sensitivity analysis were...