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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents an escalating global health crisis, constituting the leading cause of dementia among the elderly and profoundly impairing their quality of life. Current FDA-approved drugs, such as rivastigmine, donepezil, galantamine, and memantine, offer only modest symptomatic relief and are frequently associated with significant adverse effects. Faced with this challenge and in line with advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this neurodegenerative condition, various innovative therapeutic strategies have been explored. Here, we review novel approaches inspired by advanced knowledge of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. Among the therapeutic alternatives, immunotherapy stands out, employing monoclonal antibodies to specifically target and eliminate toxic proteins implicated in AD. Additionally, the use of medicinal plants is examined, as their synergistic effects among components may confer neuroprotective properties. The modulation of the gut microbiota is also addressed as a peripheral strategy that could influence neuroinflammatory and degenerative processes in the brain. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of emerging approaches, such as the use of microRNAs to regulate key cellular processes and nanotherapy, which enables precise drug delivery to the central nervous system, is analyzed. Despite promising advances in these strategies, the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease continues to rise. Therefore, it is proposed that achieving effective treatment in the future may require the integration of combined approaches, maximizing the synergistic effects of different therapeutic interventions.

Details

Title
Evolution of Alzheimer’s Disease Therapeutics: From Conventional Drugs to Medicinal Plants, Immunotherapy, Microbiotherapy and Nanotherapy
Author
Ortiz-Islas, Emma 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Montes, Pedro 2 ; Rodríguez-Pérez, Citlali Ekaterina 1 ; Ruiz-Sánchez, Elizabeth 3 ; Sánchez-Barbosa, Talía 4 ; Pichardo-Rojas, Diego 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Zavala-Tecuapetla, Cecilia 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Carvajal-Aguilera, Karla 7 ; Campos-Peña, Victoria 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Laboratorio de Neurofarmacologia Molecular y Nanotecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; [email protected] (E.O.-I.); [email protected] (C.E.R.-P.) 
 Laboratorio de Neuroinmunoendocrinología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; [email protected] 
 Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; [email protected] 
 Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; [email protected] (T.S.-B.); [email protected] (C.Z.-T.); Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico 
 Programa Prioritario de Epilepsia, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; [email protected] 
 Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; [email protected] (T.S.-B.); [email protected] (C.Z.-T.) 
 Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; [email protected] 
First page
128
Publication year
2025
Publication date
2025
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
19994923
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
3159582326
Copyright
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.