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© 2025 Liu, Chen. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and cigarettes are addictive substances and addictive substances are often related in consumption with each other. However, the potential interdependence between SSB and cigarette consumption has not been explored in the literature. As SSB and cigarette consumption have posed a great threat to individual health, the knowledge of such interdependence is critical for policymakers to design and coordinate government interventions. We thus employed Heckman sample selection model and simultaneous equation model to identify and validate the interdependence between SSB and cigarette consumption across subgroups exhibiting different smoking behaviors with individual-level data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) during the period from 2004 to 2011. We find that SSBs and cigarettes are complements in that individuals who ever smoked are more likely to consume SSBs frequently with higher level of SSB intake eventually and SSB intake of current smokers increases along with the amount of cigarettes smoked. SSBs and cigarettes are also substitutes in that former smokers are more likely to consume SSBs compared with current smokers. The complementary relation observed among current smokers implies that government interventions targeting one of the two goods may yield a double dividend effect on health whereas the substitutable relation displayed by former smokers suggests that the health effect of interventions designed to reduce the consumption of one good may be tempered by an elevated demand for the other.

Details

Title
A missing link: The interdependence between sugar-sweetened beverage and cigarette consumption from China
Author
Liu, Lu; Chen, Kevin  VIAFID ORCID Logo 
First page
e0316891
Section
Research Article
Publication year
2025
Publication date
Jan 2025
Publisher
Public Library of Science
e-ISSN
19326203
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
3159629656
Copyright
© 2025 Liu, Chen. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.