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Introduction
Dental caries is a progressive condition associated with sugar consumption, characterized by the demineralization of tooth structure due to dysbiosis within the dental biofilm [1]. The degradation of dental tissues is influenced by several factors, including the activity of acidogenic bacteria, reduced salivary function, and frequent ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates, particularly sucrose, which leads to a decrease in salivary pH levels [2, 3, 4–5]. The cariogenic dental biofilm is composed of a diverse array of microorganisms, with Streptococcus mutans being extensively studied in relation to the caries process [6]. S. mutans produces organic acids that acidify the environment and enhance the virulence of the biofilm [7]. Moreover, it synthesizes polysaccharides that contribute to biofilm matrix formation [8]. Recent evidence has implicated Candida albicans in potentially interacting with S. mutans, resulting in the formation of more resilient biofilms that may contribute to the failure of dental materials and the recurrence of caries [9, 10–11].
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is utilized in the restorative treatment of carious lesions in individuals at high risk for caries, primarily due to its capacity to release fluoride, which has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy for caries prevention. It is also commonly used in various clinical scenarios, such as restoring primary teeth, serving as a base or liner under other restorative materials, and in atraumatic restorative treatments (ART), making it a versatile material in restorative dentistry [7, 11, 12]. In addition to their favorable clinical performance, these materials possess other beneficial properties, including chemical adhesion to dental tissues, a low coefficient of thermal expansion, acceptable aesthetics, and good biocompatibility [13]. However, GIC exhibits limitations such as low wear resistance, fracture toughness, and susceptibility to dissolution via water absorption, resulting in surface porosity that facilitates bacterial growth, cavitation adjacent to restorations, and ultimately, restoration failure [14]. Despite its fluoride release, the efficacy of GIC in preventing and managing biofilms is constrained, as it functions primarily as a physical and chemical barrier rather than an antimicrobial agent, thereby aiding in the reduction of biofilm formation [15]. Therefore, strategies aimed at enhancing the mechanical and antimicrobial properties of GIC are warranted.
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