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Introduction
Drugs are chemical substances with a recognized structure that, when administered to a living organism, have a biological effect by pharmacologically or metabolically changing, correcting, or restoring physiological activities. These substances are neither nutrients nor essential dietary ingredients [1]. In another vein, pharmaceutical medicine is a chemical compound intended to treat, cure, prevent, or identify a medical condition, or enhance overall health [2]. Originally and traditionally, drugs were acquired via forceful removal of contents or components from botanicals or medicinal plants, which are more recently and with technological advancement derived from organic and inorganic synthesis [3, 4]. Drugs may be under one or more of the following classifications: depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and opioids [5]. Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen is a medication that can be used to handle pain and reduce fever. Automatic positive airway pressure (APAP), is a treatment method adopted in using this drug. Paracetamol has analgesic and antipyretic properties and weak anti-inflammatory activities. It is also soluble in water and alcohol [6]. For extreme pain, such as that from cancer or surgery-related discomfort, paracetamol is also used in addition to narcotic painkillers. It is available intravenously [7], and it can be used orally or rectally to treat a variety of ailments, including headache, backache, arthritis, muscle pain toothache, cold or flu pain, and fever lowering [8].
Niacin, another name for nicotinic acid, is an organic substance that is a type of vitamin B3, which is a necessary nutrient for human health. It is a pyridine derivative that dissolves in water and has a carboxyl group (COOH) at position three. The coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are both derived from niacin and nicotinamide in vivo [9]. Many dehydrogenases utilized NADP and NAD as coenzymes in various hydrogen transfer reactions [10]. Nicotinic acid has been shown to exhibit strong anti-inflammatory properties in a range of tissues, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, brain, and vascular tissue, both in animal models and in vitro [11]. It has been demonstrated that nicotinic acid reduces neuroinflammation and may be useful in the treatment of neuroimmune conditions including Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis [12]. Nicotinic acid has been historically referred to as ‘vitamin PP’, and ‘PP-factor’ (pellagra-preventive factor) [13] and used for...