Visible Light Spectroscopy of W14+ Ions in an Electron Beam Ion Trap

Abstract

In this work, the visible lines of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions in the wavelength range of 400–650 nm are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The experiments were performed in a low-energy electron beam ion trap. The simulated spectra of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions (Nd-like) were obtained from atomic structure computations in combination with a collisional–radiative model. Overall, there is a reasonable similarity between the measurements and the results of the simulations, and most of the twelve observed spectral lines associated with ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ were tentatively identified.

1. Introduction

The atomic properties of tungsten (W) ions are of strong interest for the diagnostics of magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) plasma, primarily because metallic tungsten is regarded as a promising candidate for armor material in plasma-facing components within MCF devices [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] and has been utilized on the diverters of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) [1,2,3,4], the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) [6,7], and other devices [8,9]. In an MCF device, the interaction between the edge plasma and the plasma-facing components inevitably leads to the widespread existence of W ion impurities throughout the fusion plasma. On one hand, significant radiation power loss from W ion impurities affects the stable operation of MCF plasma [10]. On the other hand, the emission spectra from the W ion impurities are considered one of the essential diagnostic tools for plasma parameters, such as the temperature and density of MCF plasma [11,12,13,14]. Consequently, the study of atomic data for W ions such as cross sections and spectral line wavelengths is critically required and holds substantial significance for the diagnosis of MCF plasma. Notably, the forbidden transition lines from highly charged W ions have been applied in the diagnostic study of large helical device (LHD) plasma, attracting extensive attention [13,14,15].

The visible lines of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically in previous works [16,17,18]. In 2012, Komatsu et al. [16] measured the visible spectra of the ${\mathrm{W}}^{11+}$–${\mathrm{W}}^{28+}$ ions, and the line at 462.59 nm was identified as a magnetic dipole (M1) transition from ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions. In 2015, Kobayashi et al. [17] investigated the visible spectra of ${\mathrm{W}}^{12+}$–${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions, and eleven visible lines with the wavelength range of 340–600 nm were assigned to ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions by using the time-of-flight method. Windberger et al. [18] investigated the optical spectra of Nd-like W ions in the wavelength range of 200–800 nm. Their results show a total of twenty optical lines originating from ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions. Additionally, Windberger et al. [18] identified nine of these observed lines based on the results of Fock space coupled cluster (FSCC) calculations. However, there are still a lot of unidentified observed lines, which urgently need to be studied.

In the present work, the optical spectra of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions within the wavelength range of 400–650 nm were measured in a low-energy electron beam ion trap (EBIT). The precise charge states of the ions, assigned to the observed line intensities, were analyzed by using a Wien filter device. The theoretical intensities of the spectral lines for ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions were simulated with the collisional–radiative model (CRM) method. Based on the comparison between the experimental and theoretical simulated spectra, the identification of the observed optical lines of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions was carried out.

2. Experiment

The current experiments were performed in a low-energy electron beam ion trap CUbic-eBIT(CUBIT) [19,20,21,22]. The main components of the CUBIT include an electron gun, an assembly of drift tubes, an electron collector, and a permanent magnet. Inside the CUBIT, the electron beam is emitted from a ${\mathrm{LaB}}_6$ cathode and accelerated to the required energy by the electrostatic potential difference between the cathode and the central drift tube. Gas-phase atoms and molecules are injected into the drift tube and then ionized to the desired charge states via the electron impact ionization process. The generated highly charged ions are axially confined in a special static potential well formed by the drift tubes, radially trapped by the combination effect of the negative space-charge potential from the electron beam and the axial magnetic field. The ions can be extracted from the trapping region, and the charge state distribution (CSD) can be analyzed with the help of a Wien filter mounted behind the collector. The Wien filter measurement elucidates the charge state of an ensemble of ions by quantifying the time of flight required for the ions to traverse from the trapping region to the detector.

In the present measurements, volatile ${\mathrm{W}\left(\mathrm{CO}\right)}_6$ was injected into CUBIT through a gas injection system. The emitted light from W ions in the drift tube was projected through a quartz lens with a 100 mm focal length onto the entrance slit of an Andor Shamrock SR-303i Czerny-Turner spectrometer. The photons were dispersed in the spectrometer with 1200 l/mm grating blazed at 300 nm. A charge-coupled device recorded the dispersed light. Each spectrum exposure time was two hours. Each measurement was performed at least five times to minimize random errors. The wavelengths of the spectral lines were calibrated by using gas discharge lamps positioned externally to the CUBIT on the opposite side of the slit.

3. Calculation

The theoretical intensities of the ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ lines were simulated with CRM by using the flexible atomic code (FAC) [23] to identify the observed lines measured in the present work. A concise outline is provided here.

In the current CRM simulation, the FAC was used to obtain all necessary atomic data for constructing the model, such as transition rates, collisional excitation and de-excitation cross sections, level energies, etc. The ground configuration $4d^{10}4f^{12}5s^2$ and a few excited configurations listed in Table 1 were taken into account. A total of 94,260 energy levels were calculated. Figure 1 shows the lowest 500 energy levels. The lowest 10,000 levels and millions of decay channels (E1, E2, M1, and M2) were taken into account in the CRM calculation. The simulations were conducted with the experiment parameters, i.e., an incident electron beam energy of 300 eV, an electron density of 4 × ${10}^{10}$ cm⁻³, and three different electron densities of 1 × ${10}^{10}$ cm⁻³, 4 × ${10}^{10}$ cm⁻³, and 10 × ${10}^{10}$ cm⁻³.

4. Results and Discussion

The intensities of the measured spectral lines and CSDs of highly charged W ions at different electron beam energies are shown in Figure 2. The typical optical spectra in the range of 400–650 nm are shown in Figure 2a. No spectral lines of W14+ ions were observed in other parts of the visible light wavelength range in the present work. The lines marked with black arrows in Figure 2a (the labels correspond to Table 2 and Figure 3) respond sensitively to the electron beam energies. Their intensities are linearly dependent on the abundance of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions. Thus, the marked lines indeed belong to ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions. Additionally, the lines of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions appeared at 280 eV, which is lower than the ionization threshold of ${\mathrm{W}}^{13+}$ ions (291 eV). It might be the result of ionization from metastable states and has been found in a variety of spectroscopic studies [24,25].

Table 2 lists the calibrated spectral line wavelengths in air and vacuum of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions obtained in the present experiments. The reference spectral lines of Ar and Ne ions are shown in Table 3. The numbers in parentheses indicate the experimental wavelength uncertainties, which are given as the sum of the statistical uncertainty and the systematic uncertainties caused by the dispersion function and the external calibration. In addition, the results reported by Kobayashi et al. [17] and Windberger et al. [18] are listed in Table 2. Our results are in good agreement with the reported values. However, several lines reported by Kobayashi et al. [17], including L1–L3, L7, L18, and L19, were not observed in our measurements. This absence is likely due to their relatively low intensities, as indicated by the normalized intensities in the report by Kobayashi et al. [17]. Additionally, lines L19 and L20 fall outside the range of our measurements.

Figure 3 displays the experimental and simulated spectra of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions at the electron energy of 300 eV. The line intensities were normalized based on line L14. The experimental spectrum of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions shown in Figure 3a is synthesized from different spectral bands. Various corrections, such as the efficiency of the observation window, lens, grating, and CCD detector, were taken into account in the synthesizing procedure. Figure 3b shows the simulated spectra of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions obtained with the CRM at the electron densities of 1 × ${10}^{10}$ cm⁻³, 4 × ${10}^{10}$ cm⁻³, and 10 × ${10}^{10}$ cm⁻³. The typical electron densities were estimated from the equivalent electron density, expressed as [28,29]

(1)$n_{eff}={\displaystyle \frac{4ln\left(2\right)I_e}{\pi e{v}_e({\tau }_e^2+{\tau }_i^2)}},$

where $I_e$ is the electron beam current, e is the charge of an electron, $v_e$ is the speed of electrons, and ${\tau }_e$ and ${\tau }_i$ stand for the diameter of the electron beam and ion cloud, respectively. And ${\tau }_e$ and ${\tau }_i$ were estimated by the broadening of spectral lines. The typical value of the electron density was determined to be in the order of ${10}^{10}$ cm⁻³. The labeled lines with serial numbers in Figure 3b are from the ground configuration 4$f^{12}5s^2$. The others, marked $\alpha$ and $\beta$, are from the first excited configuration 4$f^{11}5s^{2}5p$. To ensure the reliability of line identification based on CRM spectra, the energy levels of the 4$f^{12}5s^2$, 4$f^{13}5s$, and 4$f^{14}$ configurations in the CRM simulation were substituted with the results of the large-scale calculation using the MCDHF and RCI methods by Li et al. [26,30]. It can be seen that the theoretically simulated spectra agree well with the experimental spectrum generally. The eight lines with serial numbers were tentatively identified. Except for line L6, the discrepancies between the calculated and measured wavelengths are within 1%. The details of these identifications are presented in Table 2. Those unidentified observed lines are probably from the 4$f^{11}5s^{2}5p$ configuration, which is hard to identify by using the imprecision wavelengths obtained by the RCI calculation. More precise theoretical study in ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions is expected in the future. Additionally, it can be seen from Figure 3b that the relative intensity between lines L4 and L14 is sensitive to electron density, which can be a potential candidate to diagnose the electron density of plasma.

Figure 4 presents the energy-level diagram of the lowest 18 levels of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions based on the MCDHF and RCI methods by Li et al. [26,30]. In order to compare our experimental values with theoretical ones, the air wavelength of the ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ line from the experiment was converted into a vacuum value based on the equation proposed by Peck and Reader [31]. It can be seen that except for line L4 from the first excited configuration 4$f^{13}5s$ of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions, all the other lines are M1 transitions from the ground configuration 4$f^{12}5s^2$ of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions. In addition to direct wavelength comparison, we identifies the lines by using the Ritz combination. Combined with Windberger et al.’s [18] and our identification results, we could conclude that the sum of energies of lines L12 and L20 (the wavelength of line L20 taken by Windberger et al. [18]) is comparable to the sum of energies of lines L15 and L16 within the bounds of experimental uncertainty. Lines L12, L15, and L16 have been identified by the results of CRM calculation in Table 2. Therefore, line L20 can be tentatively identified as the 4$f^{12}5s^2$${}^{3}H_4$→${}^{3}F_3$ transition of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions.

In the previous study by Windberger et al. [18], line L4 was assigned to blended spectral lines from the 4$f^{12}5s^2$${}^{3}H_4$→${}^{3}H_5$ transition and 4$f^{13}5s$${}^{1}F_3$→${}^{3}F_4$ transition of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions. In the present work, it is identified as the 4$f^{13}5s^2$${}^{3}H_4$→${}^{3}H_5$ transition. The transitions of lines L10 and L20 were attempted to be identified, and the identification results of other lines are in perfect agreement with the results reported by Windberger et al. [18].

5. Conclusions

In summary, a total of twelve optical lines of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions in the wavelength region of 400−650 nm were measured in a low−energy electron beam ion trap. The CRM was employed to simulate the optical spectra of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions, which are in reasonable agreement with the experimental spectra. The corresponding M1 transitions of the nine observed lines were identified. Additionally, some M1 transition lines of ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions were found to exhibit dependence on electron density, which can be used for future electron density diagnostics in plasmas.

Author Contributions

Formal analysis, B.N.; Investigation, B.N., Z.C., J.C., Y.L., F.J. and B.L.; Methodology, B.N. and K.Y.; Project administration, Z.H. and K.Y.; Resources, K.Y.; Supervision, Z.H., J.X., Y.Z. and K.Y.; Validation, Z.H. and K.Y.; Writing—original draft, B.N.; Writing—review and editing, Z.C., J.C., Y.L., F.J., B.L., Z.H. and K.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

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Figures and Tables

Figure 1. The lowest 500 energy levels of [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] ions calculated by using the RCI method.

Figure 2. (a) The experimental spectra at different electron energies from 280 to 380 eV. The spectra lines indicated by the black arrows are from [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] ions. (b) CSDs of W ions at the corresponding electron beam energies.

Figure 3. (a) The synthetic experimental spectrum of [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] ions at an incident electron energy of 300 eV. (b–d) Simulated spectra of [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] ions with CRM.

Figure 4. Grotrian diagram for the lowest 18 levels of [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] ions. The black arrows represent the identified M1 transitions observed in the present experiment. The dashed line indicates the line from [18].

Table 1

The configurations considered in our RCI-CRM calculations for ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$.

Ground Configuration	$4{\mathit{d}}^{10}4{\mathit{f}}^{12}5{\mathit{s}}^2$
Single excitation	$4d^{10}4f^{12}5s5l(l=p,d,f,g)$
	$4d^{10}4f^{12}5s6l(l=s,p,d,f,g)$
	$4d^{10}4f^{11}5s^{2}5l(l=p,d,f,g)$
	$4d^{10}4f^{11}5s^{2}6l(l=s,p,d,f,g)$
	$4d^{9}4f^{12}5s^{2}nl(n=5,6;l=p,d,f,g)$
Double excitations	$4d^{10}4f^{13}nl(n=5,6,7;l=s,p,d,f,g)$
	$4d^{10}4f^{12}5l^2(l=p,d,f,g)$
	$4d^{10}4f^{11}5s5l^2(l=p,d)$
	$4d^{9}4f^{13}5s^2$
	$4d^{9}4f^{13}5s5l(l=p,d,f)$
	$4d^{9}4f^{12}5s5l(l=p,d)$
	$4d^{10}4f^{14}$
	$4d^{10}4f^{10}5s^{2}5l^2(l=p,d)$
	$4d^{10}4f^{10}5s^{2}5p6l(l=s,p,d,f)$
Triple excitations	$4d^{10}4f^{11}5p^3$
	$4d^{9}4f^{13}5p^2$
	$4d^{9}4f^{14}5l(l=s,p,d,f)$
	$4d^{9}4f^{13}5p5l(l=d,f)$
	$4d^{10}4f^{10}5s5p^3$

Table 2

Experimental and theoretical wavelengths (nm) by Li et al. [26] and identified transition of Pm-like ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ ions in the optical region. The results reported by Kobayashi et al. [17] and Windberger et al. [18] are also listed for comparison. The columns marked with “*” indicate data measured in this study.

No.	${\mathit{\lambda }}^{\mathbf{air}}$ [17]	${\mathit{\lambda }}^{\mathbf{air}}$ [18]	I [18]	${\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathbf{expt}.}^{\mathbf{air},*}$	${\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathbf{expt}.}^{\mathbf{vac},*}$	${\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathbf{MCDHF}}^{\mathbf{vac}}$ [26]	Transition
L1		392.36	0.023
L2		396.12	0.036
L3		409.43	0.047
L4	431.75	431.68	0.659	431.74(3)	431.86(3)	432.25	4$f^{12}5s^2$ ${}^{3}H_4$ → ${}^{3}H_5$
L5	462.59	462.52	0.178	462.56(2)	462.69(2)	465.55	4$f^{12}5s^2$ ${}^{1}D_2$ → ${}^{3}F_2$
L6	486.57	486.55	0.312	486.59(3)	486.72(3)	474.91	4$f^{12}5s^2$ ${}^{1}D_2$ → ${}^{3}F_3$
L7	506.40	506.27	0.040
L8	508.39	508.27	0.061	508.34(3)	508.49(3)
L9	517.74	517.64	0.100	517.78(2)	517.92(2)
L10	527.70	527.59	0.136	527.61(2)	527.76(2)	529.00	4$f^{12}5s^2$ ${}^{3}P_2$ → ${}^{1}D_2$
L11	546.22	546.12	0.178	546.12(2)	546.27(2)
L12	549.93	549.86	0.710	549.94(2)	550.09(2)	546.81	4$f^{12}5s^2$ ${}^{3}F_3$ → ${}^{3}F_4$
L13	583.23	583.22	0.107	583.22(3)	583.38(3)
L14	595.70	595.71	1.000	595.69(2)	595.86(2)	597.30	4$f^{12}5s^2$ ${}^{3}H_5$ → ${}^{3}H_6$
L15		620.61	0.164	620.60(2)	620.77(2)	624.72	4$f^{12}5s^2$ ${}^{3}H_4$ → ${}^{1}G_4$
L16		638.63	0.283	638.65(2)	638.83(2)	643.32	4$f^{12}5s^2$ ${}^{1}G_4$ → ${}^{3}F_4$
L17		686.64	0.047
L18		691.76	0.011
L19		717.97	0.004
L20		735.96	0.004				4$f^{12}5s^2$ ${}^{3}H_4$ → ${}^{3}F_3^{*}$

Table 3

The reference spectral lines of Ar and Ne ions which were used to calibrate the ${\mathrm{W}}^{14+}$ spectral lines. All the data represent the Ritz wavelengths (in air) in the NIST database [27].

Ar II	Ar II	Ar II	Ar II	Ar II	Ar II
427.752786(6)	460.956692(7)	465.79009(7)	496.507942(8)	501.716264(8)	514.178260(8)
Ne I	Ne I	Ne I	Ne I	Ne I	Ne I
534.10932(4)	540.05618(4)	585.24879(5)	594.48342(5)	614.30626(5)	633.44278(6)

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