RNA Sequencing Dataset of Drosophila Nociceptor Translatomic Response to Injury

Abstract

To prepare to address the mechanisms of injury-induced nociceptor sensitization, we sequenced the translatome of the nociceptors of injured Drosophila larvae and those of uninjured larvae. Third-instar larvae expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged ribosomal subunit specifically in Class 4 dendritic arborization neurons, recognized as pickpocket-expressing primary nociceptors, via the GAL4/UAS method, were injured by ultraviolet light or sham-injured. Larvae were subjected to translating ribosome affinity purification for the GFP tag and nociceptor-specific ribosome-bound RNA was sequenced.

Dataset: The data discussed in this publication have been deposited in NCBI’s Sequence Read Archive and are accessible through SRA series accession number PRJNA1056042 “Injury-Induced Transcription Changes in Drosophila Nociceptors” (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA1056042 (accessed on 1 January 2025)).

Dataset License: CC01.0.

1. Summary

Uncontrolled pain places an enormous burden on human life. Currently, analgesic medications inadequately address the problem due to issues with efficacy, tolerance, side effects, and addiction liability, particularly in chronic pain conditions. Improved therapies for managing abnormal pain, including chronic pain, are needed. Chronic pain often involves nociceptor sensitization, and one way in which nociceptors become sensitized is by injury. The primary nociceptors in Drosophila larvae can be sensitized by injuring the adjacent epidermis with ultraviolet radiation. We previously showed that UV-induced sensitization requires activity of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein pathway, which is known to affect gene expression. To reveal translatomic changes in primary nociceptors caused by injury, we isolated translating mRNAs from the nociceptors of injured and uninjured animals using the Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification method and compared the resulting sequences. Because over 75% of all identified human disease genes have orthologs in the fly genome, the Drosophila model system has the capacity to rapidly identify valuable targets for novel analgesic therapies.

2. Data Description

2.1. Background and Summary

After injury, healing is promoted by nociceptive sensitization, an increase in pain sensitivity in and around the damaged tissue. However, sensitization can also perpetuate abnormal pain states like chronic pain [1]. Nociceptive sensitization, including allodynia and hyperalgesia, can be induced by ultraviolet (UV) light injury in the larval fruit fly, revealing novel regulators of this process [2,3]. Although in this model the epidermis is severely compromised by ultraviolet irradiation, nociceptor morphology appears to remain intact. While others [4,5] have explored nociceptor gene expression using microarray approaches and yielded important information about stimulus transduction, to our knowledge, there has been no prior analysis of the nociceptor-specific translatomic consequences of UV injury in Drosophila. We expect that this effort will reveal events in the primary nociceptor that lead to nociceptive sensitization.

Using the Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification approach (see Figure 1), we isolated mRNA from the primary nociceptors of third-instar Drosophila larvae 24 hours after UV injury, at which point they experience peak allodynia [2,6,7]. We hypothesized that transcriptional/translational responses to injury lead to the process of nociceptive sensitization and/or recovery from sensitization. Building on our prior research in nociceptive sensitization using fly larvae, we believe that further investigation into the mechanisms of its development and recovery will deepen our understanding of the complete nociceptive sensitization mechanism and reveal new targets for chronic pain drug development.

2.2. Technical Validation

Pairwise, Dispersion, and Principal Component Analysis

The ‘estimateSizeFactors’ function in DESeq2 was carried out to control for differences in library sizes using the “median-of-ratios method” [8,9]. Inter-/intra-relationships among groups and sample quality were visualized by pairwise scatterplots of all samples in both groups (Figure 2) in R, using count data normalized by log10 transformation [10]. Read count distribution and the potential high magnitude of low read counts was investigated through visualization of a histogram of the sum of log10-transformed count data across all samples, also in R (Figure 3B,D) [11,12]. The DESeq2 function ‘estimateDispersions’ was then used to calculate dispersion estimates across genes for all samples and visualized with the DESeq2 dispersions plot (‘plotDispEsts’) (Figure 3A,C). After preliminary analysis of the count data for low expression, we set a custom threshold of at least 20 counts per six samples via the following code written in R and applied it to the dds object within the DESeq2 pipeline [12]: ‘keep <- rowSums(counts(dds, normalized=TRUE) >= 20) >= 6’ ‘dds <- dds[keep,]’.

After counts had been thresholded to eliminate sparsely expressed genes, the DESeq output was visualized for sample clustering analysis using DESeq-normalized data and the principal components plot function (Figure 4) found within the DESeq2 package [9]. Sequencing depth is indicated in Table 1.

3. Methods

3.1. Genetics

Flies were maintained in 6 oz stock bottles containing a sucrose–cornmeal–yeast medium. Bottles were stored in Percival Scientific Incubators with a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle and kept between 50–60% humidity and at a temperature of 25 °C. Incubators were set to an arbitrary dawn time of 9:00 A.M. Genotypes used in the experiments were prepared using the Gal4/UAS system [13] with the Gal4 driver line featuring the nociceptor-specific pickpocket promoter: ppk1.9-GAL4 (in w¹¹¹⁸) [14,15,16]. UAS responder line was UAS-GFP-RpL10Ab [17] (in w*) (BDSC_42681), allowing for affinity purification [18].

3.2. Sensitizing Injury

Flies expressing the eGFP-tagged ribosomal subunit RpL10Ab specifically in nociceptors (approximately 70 cells per animal) were allowed to mate for 48 hours prior to the timed egg lay. After two days, the flies were placed in a tube containing solidified grape juice agar along one wall to encourage egg deposition. The egg-laying period was restricted to two hours, and then the adults were removed. Developmentally timed larvae were collected 4–5 days after egg laying and placed into a UV crosslinker (Spectrolinker XL-1000, Spectronics Corporation, Westbury, NY, USA), and the larvae were exposed to a dosage of UV-C between 12.0–18.0 mJ, monitored with a UV photometer (Spectroline XS-254 UV-C, Spectronics Corporation, Westbury, NY, USA). For mock-treated control animals, an identical protocol was performed, including putting the animals into the crosslinker, but without the actual delivery of UV. The larvae were placed in recovery vials for 24 h and then separated into 100 mg groups. Larvae were flash-frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen until analysis.

3.3. RNA Extraction, Sequencing, and Preliminary Analysis

Frozen larvae were homogenized, and homogenates underwent immunopurification of the eGFP-tagged ribosomes using magnetic beads (Invitrogen Dynabeads Antibody Coupling Kit, Carlsbad, CA, USA) bound to two anti-GFP antibodies (19C8 and 19F7, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Monoclonal Antibody Facility, New York, NY, USA). RNA was then isolated and purified from these eGFP-tagged ribosomes using a standard RNA isolation protocol (Machery-Nagel NucleoSpin RNA kit, Toronto, ON, Canada). RNA was then tested for quantity and purity with an Agilent Bioanalyzer, obtaining an RNA integrity number (RIN) ranging from 4.8 to 6.6. While RINs of 6 or greater are recommended by the RNA-sequencing vendor GENEWIZ^® (South Plainfield, NJ, USA), we judged the integrity to be sufficient, since RNA of insects typically scores lower than mammals, for which the RIN algorithm was developed [19]. RNA was stored at −80 °C before being shipped (7.5 to 13.5 nM) on dry ice to the vendor. GENEWIZ carried out mRNA sequencing via polyA selection with supplied RNA using Illumina HiSeq, PE 2x150 (150 bp paired end). GENEWIZ trimmed sequence reads via Trimmomatic v.0.36, mapped sequence reads to the Drosophila melanogaster BDGP6 reference genome via ENSEMBL using the STAR aligner v.2.5.2b, and determined gene hit counts (calculation of reads/gene/sample) using feature counts from the Subread package v.1.5.2. A total of six samples of customer-supplied RNA were used for RNA sequencing by the vendor: three control (mock-injured) samples and three experimental (UV-injured) samples, with each sample of RNA being derived from the 100 mg groups of prepared larvae that were pooled by condition. In the supplied deliverables by GENEWIZ were original text files of the unique gene hit counts (reads/gene) for each of these six samples. These individual counts files were used as inputs for further quality assessment.

3.4. Code Availability

The R code used to analyze and process the raw count data from control and UV-injured samples (Table 1) using DESeq2 package version on R version 4.0.3 is publicly available at https://github.com/gkganter/Hale-et-al.-DESeq2-Code/blob/main/TRAPseq_DESeq2_3_19_2022_1100am.R (accessed on 1 January 2025).

Author Contributions

C.M.H., K.J.B., C.L.B., J.K.M. and R.G. performed the experiments. C.M.H. and B.J.H. analyzed the results. G.K.G. supervised this work. C.M.H., J.K.M. and G.K.G. wrote the manuscript. All authors edited the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The original data described in the study are openly available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA1056042 (accessed on 1 January 2025).

Acknowledgments

Stocks obtained from the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (NIH P40OD018537) were used in this study. Confocal microscopy was performed in the UNE Histology and Imaging Core (NIGMS P20GM103643).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Footnotes

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Figures and Table

Table 1

Sample identification and statistics. UV samples were derived from UV-injured late-third-instar larvae expressing GFP-tagged ribosomal subunit RPL10 under the control of the ppk promotor, thereby limiting its expression to the nociceptors. Control samples were identical to samples from UV-injured animals in every way except that no UV radiation was applied. Three biological replicates of each treatment made up each group. Sequencing depth is indicated in millions of reads per sample.

File Name	Sample Name	Organism	Reads/Sample	Tax ID	Breed
SAMN39083405	Control-s1	Drosophila melanogaster	111.6M	7227	ppk-gal4/uas-rpl10
SAMN39083406	Control-s2	Drosophila melanogaster	100.3M	7227	ppk-gal4/uas-rpl10
SAMN39083407	Control-s3	Drosophila melanogaster	112.5M	7227	ppk-gal4/uas-rpl10
SAMN39083408	UV-s1	Drosophila melanogaster	90.2M	7227	ppk-gal4/uas-rpl10
SAMN39083409	UV-s2	Drosophila melanogaster	107.3M	7227	ppk-gal4/uas-rpl10
SAMN39083410	UV-s3	Drosophila melanogaster	112.0M	7227	ppk-gal4/uas-rpl10

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