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Abstract
Background
The seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU1 are globally endemic, yet the majority of HCoV infections remain undiagnosed.
Methods
In a cross-sectional study, 2389 serum samples were collected from children and adults in France in 2020. In a longitudinal cohort study, 2520 samples were collected from 898 French individuals followed up between 2020 and 2021. Antibodies to HCoVs were measured using a bead-based multiplex assay.
Results
The rate of waning of anti-HCoV spike immunoglobulin G antibodies was estimated as 0.22–0.47 year−1 for children, and 0.13–0.27 year−1 for adults. Seroreversion was estimated as 0.31–1.37 year−1 in children and 0.19–0.72 year−1 in adults. The estimated seroconversion rate in children was consistent with 20%–39% of children being infected every year with each HCoV.
Conclusions
The high force of infection in children indicates that HCoVs may be responsible for a substantial proportion of fever episodes experienced by children.
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Details
1 Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité , Paris , France
2 Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité , Paris , France
3 Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology and CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité , Paris , France
4 Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
5 Coordination Clinique du CRT, Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France