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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Propolis is a highly complex, resinous natural product collected by honeybees from tree leaves and buds and mixed with pollen and enzymes. Due to its antimicrobial properties, it has various medical and industrial applications. As a nonconventional strategy, the use of propolis was suggested to control contaminating yeast growth in ethanol fermentations, without significantly affecting the starter yeast of the fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we have developed a highly propolis-resistant S. cerevisiae strain using evolutionary engineering. The evolved strain FD11 had a higher growth rate (µmax = 0.21 h−1) than the reference strain (µmax = 0.17 h−1) under propolis stress and showed cross-resistance against caffeine stress. Moreover, it had significantly lower reactive oxygen species levels and higher cell wall integrity than the reference strain. Comparative transcriptomic analysis results revealed that the genes involved in oxidoreductase activity, transmembrane transporter activity, unfolded protein binding and pleiotropic drug resistance were upregulated in FD11. Whole genome re-sequencing analysis revealed mutations in multiple genes including PDR1, encoding a transcription factor regulating pleiotropic drug response. The results imply the importance of pleiotropic drug response and cell wall integrity in propolis resistance and the potential of using propolis-resistant, robust yeast strains in industrial applications.

Details

Title
Molecular Characterization of Propolis-Resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Obtained by Evolutionary Engineering
Author
Demir-Yılmaz, Filiz 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Arslan, Mevlüt 1 ; Holyavkin, Can 1 ; Topaloğlu, Alican 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Kısakesen, Halil İbrahim 1 ; Sürmeli, Yusuf 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Zeynep Petek Çakar 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Türkiye; [email protected] (F.D.-Y.); [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (C.H.); [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (H.İ.K.); [email protected] (Y.S.); Dr. Orhan Öcalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Türkiye 
First page
47
Publication year
2025
Publication date
2025
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
23115637
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
3170953628
Copyright
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.