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Introduction
Commemorative architectural cultural heritage constitutes a fundamental component of human civilization, embodying the tangible essence of a country’s cultural identity. In China, notable examples of such heritage include the Forbidden City, the Great Wall, and the Terracotta Warriors, a testament to the nation’s ancient culture and rich history. These structures are the product of human creativity and ingenuity, reflecting distinct cultural inheritances spanning various historical epochs. Undeniably, commemorative architecture is an artistic creation with sentiments and ideas. Preserving commemorative architectural cultural heritage is crucial for maintaining historical and cultural continuity. It serves as a means of inheriting remarkable traditional cultural values. (Koci et al., 2014).
Amid contemporary societal development, commemorative architectural cultural heritage faces significant threats from various factors, including climate change, inadequate operational management, and human destruction. A case in point is Hurst Castle in the United Kingdom, which was constructed in 1544 as an artillery fort and served military purposes until the conclusion of World War II. Subsequently, it became a popular tourist attraction, offering visitors insights into England’s coastal defence history. Regrettably, in 2021, a portion of the eastern ramparts of Hurst Castle suffered collapse, a direct consequence of the adverse impacts of climate change (Tsivolas, 2019). Although the relevant authorities in the UK responded promptly, the management pointed out that within the next 100 years, the sea level will inevitably rise by about 1.5 meters, causing damage to the site. La Maison du Peuple in Africa, built in 1965, was once praised as “one of the most important examples of African modernism” (Dian et al., 2024). The building symbolizes the independent democratic ideas of the time. Due to a long-term lack of maintenance and legal protection, it has fallen into disrepair and urgently needs repair. Notre-Dame de Paris is one of France’s most representative cultural relics and a world heritage site. It is an emblem of Paris. On April 15, 2019, a major fire broke out at Notre-Dame de Paris, lasting over four hours and causing severe damage to multiple parts of the church, including the spire (Gard’Ner, 2004). The threat of fire permanently shadows world heritage buildings. Similarly, the National Museum of Brazil, which housed the region’s richest collection of artefacts, also suffered a devastating fire. The entire three-story...