ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of this study is to present the importance of technological innovations in the construction sector, detailing some tools and devices that can be used, aiming to show how the adoption of new technologies can reduce costs and promote sustainable practices.
Theoretical Framework: The study highlights research and authors focused on technological innovation and sustainability in construction, providing a solid foundation for understanding the opportunities and challenges faced by the sector in adopting modern technologies.
Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a bibliographic study, based on academic and electronic sources addressing technological innovations in construction.
Results and Discussion: The results highlight the urgent need for modernization in Brazilian construction, showing the positive impact of technology adoption on cost reduction and sustainability. The discussion addresses resistance to innovation and the benefits for companies that adopt technologies, as well as limitations within the sector.
Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications include applications for companies and public policies that encourage innovation and sustainability, promoting greater competitiveness in the sector.
Originality/Value: This study demonstrates the relevance of technological innovations in construction, a sector essential to the economy but resistant to change. It highlights how emerging technologies can improve efficiency and sustainability in Brazil.
Keywords: Innovation, Technology, Construction.
RESUMO
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a importância das inovações tecnológicas no setor da construção civil, discriminando algumas das ferramentas e dispositivos que podem ser utilizados, com o intuito de destacar como a adoção de novas tecnologias pode reduzir custos e promover práticas sustentáveis.
Referencial Teórico: Destacam-se estudos e autores sobre inovação tecnológica e sustentabilidade na construção civil, fornecendo uma base sólida para a compreensão das oportunidades e desafios enfrentados pelo setor na adoção de tecnologias modernas.
Método: A metodologia adotada para esta pesquisa compreende um estudo de caráter bibliográfico, com base em fontes acadêmicas e eletrônicas que abordam as inovações tecnológicas na construção civil.
Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados destacam a necessidade urgente de modernização na construção civil brasileira, com impacto positivo da adoção de tecnologias na redução de custos e sustentabilidade. A discussão aborda a resistência à inovação e os benefícios para empresas que adotam tecnologias, além das limitações no setor.
Implicações da Pesquisa: As implicações práticas e teóricas abrangem aplicações para empresas e políticas públicas que incentivem a inovação e sustentabilidade, promovendo maior competitividade no setor.
Originalidade/Valor: Este estudo demonstra a relevância das inovações tecnológicas na construção civil, um setor essencial à economia, mas resistente à mudança. Evidencia como tecnologias emergentes podem melhorar eficiência e sustentabilidade no Brasil.
Palavras-chave: Inovação, Tecnologia, Construção civil.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es presentar la importancia de las innovaciones tecnológicas en el sector de la construcción, detallando algunas de las herramientas y dispositivos que se pueden utilizar, con el fin de mostrar cómo la adopción de nuevas tecnologías puede reducir costos y promover prácticas sostenibles.
Marco Teórico: El estudio destaca investigaciones y autores sobre innovación tecnológica y sostenibilidad en la construcción, proporcionando una base sólida para comprender las oportunidades y desafíos que enfrenta el sector en la adopción de tecnologías modernas.
Método: La metodología adoptada para esta investigación comprende un estudio bibliográfico, basado en fuentes académicas y electrónicas que abordan las innovaciones tecnológicas en la construcción.
Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados resaltan la necesidad urgente de modernización en la construcción brasileña, con un impacto positivo de la adopción de tecnologías en la reducción de costos y la sostenibilidad. La discusión aborda la resistencia a la innovación y los beneficios para las empresas que adoptan tecnologías, así como las limitaciones del sector.
Implicaciones de la Investigación: Las implicaciones prácticas y teóricas incluyen aplicaciones para empresas y políticas públicas que fomenten la innovación y la sostenibilidad, promoviendo una mayor competitividad en el sector.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio demuestra la relevancia de las innovaciones tecnológicas en la construcción, un sector esencial para la economía pero resistente al cambio. Evidencia cómo las tecnologías emergentes pueden mejorar la eficiencia y la sostenibilidad en Brasil.
Palabras clave: Innovación, Tecnología, Construcción.
1 INTRODUCTION
Civil construction is a sector of the economy that, despite being artisanal, is encompassed in industry (Leal, 2020). However, the productive methodologies of the construction industry diverge from other industrial sectors that have been evolving and improving as new technologies develop. In the pharmaceutical and automobile industries, for example, the results aim for high productivity, great quality control and low waste, and these results are not obtained in a similar way in civil construction. Thus, "[...] while in recent decades industry has evolved by leaps and bounds, construction still uses archaic methods that were applied as far back as the 19th century, which anchor their productivity to levels unacceptable for the 21st century" (Leal, 2020, p.14).
Throughout history, industry has undergone changes and revolutions as developments have taken place in the production system. Therefore, as depicted in Figure 1, Industry 1.0 appeared in 1784 after the implementation of steam engines in services that were previously performed manually. In 1870, the so-called 2nd Industrial Revolution took place, which had as its highlight the insertion of electricity and of petroleum that started to be used as a fuel. The 3rd Industrial Revolution occurred in the mid-20th century and was marked by the insertion of the internet and robotics, which were fundamental for the industry to reach what is today called Industry 4.0 (Fourth Industrial Revolution) where artificial intelligence governs the current systems (De Carvalho; De Carvalho, 2022).
However, despite the inherent difficulties of the sector, in recent years, the construction market has undergone significant transformations driven by the search for more efficient, sustainable and economical methods (Costa, 2023). Accordingly, with the rapid growth of technologies, the civil construction industry has also been developing, starting from the technological innovations that come about with the passing of the years and inserted into the concept of Industry 4.0.
Industry 4.0 experienced in the current landscape, is a concept that relates to the intelligent industry and is available the use of resources to plan, control, manage and moderate, in an optimal way, a large amount of information in the most limited time through the components and intelligent machines connected by the internet (Ruiz, 2022). In this way, Industry 4.0 is characterised by technological innovation in the market.
Civil construction is a sector that actively contributes to the socioeconomic development of Brazil. According to the 2022 data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in the Annual Construction Industry Survey (PAIC), R$439.0 billion was generated in value of incorporations, works and/or construction services, besides employing 2.3 million people (IBGE, 2022). The sector occupies a significant share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and plays a fundamental role in the country's growth.
Faced with this scenario, the construction market is highly competitive and requires companies to dedicate continuous efforts to ensure market positioning, with strategies that enable competitive advantage (Duarte, 2022). Thus, the need to make civil industry more agile and efficient to meet the demands of the market and society is observed.
However, the sector is still resilient to change and presents significant challenges such as tight deadlines, reduced profit margins and tight competition (Almeida, 2023). In addition, problems such as artisanal and archaic production, precarious labour force, conservative conventional construction method and waste of materials, directly impact the efficient management of projects in civil construction.
In this context, we see the need to bring technological innovation to the construction sector more effectively, seeking automation and facilitators in management, organisation and processes. The results can not only facilitate management and production, minimise environmental impact, and foster the construction sector with a focus on sustainability.
Thus, the aim is to analyse the inclusion of technological innovations in civil construction through the general panorama experienced by the sector and its challenges, as well as the characterisation of technological innovations and sustainable practice. This article highlights some tools and technologies such as BIM, 3D printing, drone use and virtual reality as a means of modernisation and facilitators in engineering.
Thus, it is considered the hypothesis that the implementation of technologies such as BIM, 3D printing, drones and Virtual Reality in the civil construction contributes significantly to improve process efficiency, reduce costs and minimise environmental impacts, while meeting the requirements of innovation and sustainability imposed by the market. The study provides an answer to the following question: How do emerging technologies, such as BIM, 3D printing, drones and Virtual Reality, impact the efficiency, sustainability and competitiveness of construction, meeting the growing market demands and different implementation contexts?
This article presents in the Introduction the importance and the theme to be dealt with. The second chapter presents the literature review. The third chapter presents the methodology used in this article, and finally the fourth and fifth chapters deal with the discussion of the results and conclusion on the applicability of the technologies presented and the conclusions, respectively.
2 THEORETICAL FRAME
The construction sector has seen significant advances in recent years, driven by technological innovations and a growing emphasis on sustainability. This literature review explores the intersection of these three main areas: technologies, innovation models and sustainability in construction. This literature review will delve into these topics, exploring the latest research and case studies to understand how technologies, innovation models and sustainability are shaping the future of the construction industry.
2.1 TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION MODELS
The construction sector has experienced significant advances in recent years, driven by the integration of innovative technologies and the adoption of new approaches to innovation. This literature review explores the key technologies and innovation models that are shaping the future of the construction sector. Technological innovation in the construction industry is fundamental to face the challenges of the present day, such as the demand for greater efficiency, cost reduction, and sustainability, so that, according to Duarte (2022), innovation promotes the modernisation of processes and generates competitiveness in the market. Accordingly, the study that follows presents some technologies and innovation models that can contribute to the suitability of civil construction to Industry 4.0 and more demanding demands of the market, whether in the requirements of speed in the execution of the enterprise, quality, sustainability and saving of resources, which avoids to the maximum waste, unfortunately very common in enterprises.
2.1.1 Building Information Model - BIM
Building Information Modelling (BIM) emerged in the early 1970s with the clear objective of improving decision-making in an environment that was undergoing technological development, involving safety, certifications and even sustainability, the latter still incipient. Over time, BIM has gained prominence in civil construction as a key technology for the development of more efficient and sustainable projects, as it can be used at any time of construction, from the design phase, through the construction and even demolition. It is a methodology that makes it possible to create the integrated digital model, in which all the information in the construction is centralised and accessible to all the parties involved, from the planning to the execution and maintenance of the building.
According to Almeida (2023), BIM is a digital model that allows the creation and management of detailed information of a construction project. The technology used covers in addition to the third dimension and are considered as: 2D (Plane Design), 3D (Threedimensional Model), 4D (Work Schedule), 5D (Budget), 6D (Sustainability) and 7D (Maintenance) (Gonçalves, 2020). The potential of the 6D dimension (Sustainability) is highlighted as one of the most promising of the digital model, because it allows through its analyses, taking in vogue environmental, economic and social factors, in order to achieve the project's balance.
In this context, through the BIM methodology, it is possible to achieve greater integration of projects in a single visual model, to improve interoperability and communication between employees, to reduce possible errors and to increase the efficiency of construction in the areas of management, feasibility and productivity. According to Coelho (2017), the implementation of BIM in architecture and engineering companies has provided a significant improvement in communication between professionals, in addition to optimising the design process, which avoids errors and reworks. BIM allows for compatibility between the different disciplines (architecture, structure, electrical, hydraulics), which is essential for conflict reduction and optimisation of execution time.
In addition, Barros (2017) highlights the use of BIM integrated with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which enables detailed analysis of environmental impacts throughout the entire building life cycle. The use of this computational tool allows decisions related to sustainability to be made already at the design stage, which optimises the choice of materials and processes and results in more efficient and environmentally responsible constructions. Therefore, it is considered a promising trend that accompanies the entire life cycle and process in construction as shown in Figure 2.
Para adotar a metodologia BIM, é necessário a utilização de diversos softwares que atendam as especificidades de cada profissional, demanda e aplicação. A Figure 3 lista os softwares de utilização mais frequente em função do tipo de aplicação.
Despite the evident benefits of BIM, its implementation in civil construction still faces significant challenges. According to Coelho (2017), the main barrier is the lack of technical training for professionals, who often lack the necessary knowledge to fully use BIM tools. In addition, the initial cost of deploying the technology can be high, making it difficult for smaller companies to adopt.
Among the mentioned software, Revit is one of the most outstanding for its more accessible and easy usability, used for architectural projects, structural design, construction and mechanics, electrical and hydraulic.
Duarte et al. (2023) point out that many companies in the sector resist change and prefer traditional methods of project management. This resistance is often related to the lack of external organizational culture for innovation, limiting the transformative potential of BIM. Another important obstacle is the lack of standardization between the software used, jeopardizing interoperability between the different disciplines involved in the project and making it difficult to integrate the process completely.
In Brazil, the use of the BIM is encouraged by the government through the National Construction Plan and the Growth Acceleration Plan, besides the technical standard NBR 15965, of the ABNT, which establishes as its theme the Construction Information Classification System (Duarte, 2023). Thus, the incentive methods become of the utmost importance for the market to keep up with technological advances and to apply them as a facilitating tool in the management of projects and construction sites.
Furthermore, the positive impact of BIM on sustainability is widely discussed in the literature. According to Barros and Librelotto (2017), the possibility of carrying out environmental simulations and calculating the impacts of different construction materials and techniques before the implementation of the project is one of the great contributions of this technology. This allows the projects to align themselves with the criterion of sustainability and energy efficiency, which are increasingly important in civil construction.
Thus, BIM is constantly evolving, with new features being integrated to improve the environmental performance of buildings. The use of thermal and energy simulation tools, for example, can contribute to the creation of more efficient buildings, which consume fewer resources throughout their life cycle.
2.1.2 3D Printing
3D printing, or additive manufacturing, provides a revolution in the construction industry by enabling the creation of complex structures faster and more accurately. According to Ruiz (2022), this technology enables the manufacturing of components directly at the construction site, which reduces execution time and transportation costs. In addition, 3D printing minimizes material waste and contributes to sustainability in the industry. The applications of 3D printing in the Construction Industry are made in a variety of ways, from printing small parts and components using plastic as a base material, to printing structures using concrete (Santos, 2022).
According to Silva et al. (2020), additive manufacturing is "[...] defined as manufacturing processes with the goal of creating a three-dimensional object by layers from a virtual model". In this way, the use of BIM modeling software helps in the elaboration of the projects for the manufature of three-dimensional objects.
Thus, for Ant et al. (2021), with the evolution of additive manufacturing and construction through three-dimensional printing,
[...] soon it will be possible to have continuity and greater control over all the phases of the project, from conception to the production of building components. This will simplify industrial production in complex, unconventional ways, allowing for increasing customization of products in the construction industry.
Thus, Ford et al. (2016) cite advantages of the use of additive manufacturing, such as the creation of new and complex figures; production on demand and need of the customer, which reduces costs and waste from greater interaction between the producer and the consumer; flexibility in the elaboration and alteration of projects from computational models; and economy of material and waste, through recycling and reuse of inputs.
However, due to its innovative character, it is worth highlighting the lack of regulations that regulate the implementation of 3D printing in the Construction Industry, which may make its application unfeasible (Silva et al., 2020). Moreover, as far as the economic aspects are concerned, the cost of applying 3D printing is still relatively high due to the need for skilled labor and the high cost of equipment and inputs.
Another determining factor that implies the adoption of 3D printing or additive manufacturing in civil construction is cultural adoption, due to the reluctance of professionals to remain using traditional methods. Having said that, training the workforce and offering incentive studies are of paramount necessity to facilitate the use of 3D printing as a tool in the construction industry (Ford et al., 2016).
Therefore, the use of 3D printing in civil construction holds great potential in terms of time reduction, sustainability and customization. However, in order to achieve the paradigm shift, it is fundamental that regulations be made that regulate its use, as well as training courses and investments in research in universities, so that the adoption of the technology is done in an efficient and safe manner.
2.1.3 Drone
Popularly known as a drone, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft capable of flying without the presence of crew and when coupled to civil construction, can produce extremely efficient results. According to Gouveia et al. (2021), drones enable real-time data capture, which helps track construction progress, detect potential errors, and check on-site safety. This technology is especially useful in large works, where access to certain areas may be difficult. In this way, the use of drones in the construction industry is transforming the monitoring and management of works.
In view of this, the device is capable of providing images from different angles, assisting in surveying, mapping areas, checking structural damage, inspecting roofs and providing records used in CAD or BIM software (Gouveia et al., 2021).
In the literature, some studies have been identified, at national and international level, that describe the objectives and results of the use of drones in civil construction according to Figure 5 (Nery et al., 2021).
Nery et al. (2021) add that drones are also used to generate detailed images and maps, which facilitates planning and decision-making throughout the project. This results in a significant reduction in travel and time costs and increases the accuracy of information obtained during inspections. Having said that, in the long term, integration with artificial intelligence can contribute to the development of real-time data analysis and be an allied tool for companies in the field.
In the meantime, there is great potential for the development of unmanned aerial vehicles for the purposes of civil construction. Safety and flexibility, ease of operation, affordability and mobility are some advantages that contribute to the effective use of drones in the construction sector.
2.1.4 Virtual Reality
Virtual reality (VR) is defined as a three-dimensional computer-generated environment, with the possibility of immersion and user interaction with the generated environment (Sousa et al., 2022). Thus, with technological advances and easier access to programs and applications, virtual reality tends to be considered a great ally in the construction sector, because it understands great differentiation and prominence in the face of the demands and competition of the market. This allows users to immerse themselves in a virtual environment, providing a more accurate and interactive view of construction projects.
The application of virtual reality technology in project coordination is integrated with the BIM (Building Information Modeling) universe, which allows bringing in the various projectional areas clear and efficient communication between engineering, architecture and construction (Júnior et al, 2020). In this way, the new technology acts as an efficient tool within the BIM methodology, making possible the compatibility of projects, the identification of errors, the planning and dimensioning of the layout of beds, as well as the management of the processes.
The use of virtual reality as an excellent tool for the understanding of architectural projects is highlighted. In this way, the client has the possibility of interacting in an immersive virtual environment, through experimentation and sensation building, which helps in better communication between professionals and contractors and guarantees higher design quality (Sousa et al., 2022). Junior et al. (2020) highlight that the use of VR has proven to be a valuable tool during the planning and development phase of projects, as it allows engineers, architects and clients to experience the project even before the physical construction.
However, despite the positive impact of virtual reality in the construction sector, some challenges for such implementation are observed, such as: traditionalism and resistance to implementing new technologies, the technologically uneducated workforce and the conflict between execution and project (Júnior et al, 2020).
Faced with the dynamics experienced in the civil construction and with technological advances, virtual reality offers benefits of visualization of projects, as well as the management of work. Sousa et al. (2020) reinforce that in addition to visualization, VR allows simulations and feasibility tests, such as the impact of changes in design and material use. In this way, the technology contributes to the reduction of reworks and to the optimization of the construction processes, promoting a more efficient and sustainable planning. Thus, it is up to the professional to use the resources clearly and objectively (Júnior et al, 2020).
2.2 INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability has become a key concern in the construction sector, as the activities of the sector have a significant impact on the environment, the economy and society. This literature review explores the key sustainability problems and challenges faced by the construction sector, as well as the innovative approaches and strategies being implemented to promote sustainable practices.
Technological innovation, besides being a facilitator in the management of the construction industry, also impacts on the efficiency and sustainability of the sector. Almeida et al. (2023, p.28), 'innovation in construction also includes the adoption of more sustainable building materials and methods'. Thus, for Almeida et al (2023), the implementation of new technologies and innovative practices are able to help the construction market reduce its costs, improve the quality and execution of projects and minimize environmental impact.
Rozenfeld et al. (2006) suggest the use of technologies as drivers in the understanding of the needs of the market allied to innovation, classified into four types:
* radical change, in innovations that may change standard components or in the combination of them;
* modulate, in significant innovation, but restricted to part of the process;
* incremental, in innovation called process improvement and optimization;
* innovation without affecting the basic principle of the process.
In the construction environment, innovation is an inherent part of a process that needs technology to develop and, at the same time, cannot leave aside the physical environment. The use of BIM technology facilitates project development activities with the most varied simulations available and thus contributes to those involved, from the construction company, through the architect and reaching the space user. Something positive for the whole of society in the quest for a reduction in waste and less aggression against the environment.
The studies presented in items 2.1 and 2.2 show that the construction sector has undergone a transformative change in recent years, driven by technological advances and a growing emphasis on sustainability. This literature review explored the intersection of these three main areas: technologies, innovation models, and sustainability. Key findings indicate that the adoption of technologies such as BIM, 3D printing and drones has significantly improved the efficiency, accuracy and sustainability of construction projects. In addition, innovation models such as open innovation and lean construction have facilitated the development of new solutions and practices. One notable trend is the increasing integration of technology and sustainability. BIM, for example, allows architects and engineers to assess the environmental impact of design decisions, leading to more sustainable buildings. Similarly, 3D printing offers opportunities for personalized and efficient construction, reducing waste and material consumption. While there has been significant progress, there are still several challenges. These challenges include the need for greater standardization in the use of new technologies, a skilled workforce able to adopt these innovations, and addressing the high upfront costs associated with some technologies.
The theoretical reference in a study comprises a critical and organized analysis of the literature pertinent to the theme, providing a theoretical contextualization and defining the key concepts. It should comprehensively contain the previous theories, models and research, identifying gaps, contradictions and consensus in the literature that are important for the focus of the work being developed.
3 METHODOLOGY
A qualitative research was conducted according to the principles established by Lozada and Nunes (2019). The research was carried out through a bibliographical survey of descriptive and documentary character, following the classification of Gil (2022). This type of research is based on the analysis of material already published, seeking to describe and interpret phenomena starting from the revision of existing literature.
The sources consulted include scientific articles, monographs, dissertations, theses, books, annals of congresses and publications available in electronic databases, such as the CAPES Journal Portal, Google Scholar and ResearchGate. To guarantee the relevance and timeliness of the data, the temporal cut-off encompassed studies published in the last five years, focusing on authors and works that address the use of technological innovations in civil construction.
The selection criteria for the materials included the use of specific keywords, such as "BIM", "3D printing", "drone", "virtual reality", "sustainability in construction", among other related terms. In addition, a careful choice was made of recognized authors in the area of innovation and civil construction, based on their relevance and contribution to the field of study.
During the analysis process, exclusion criteria were applied for materials that did not meet the defined methodological parameters, such as articles outside the temporal cut-off or with a limited focus on areas that do not directly dialog with the research objective. All the collected data were organized and classified according to the central theme of the study, which allows an analytical and critical approach to the material.
Finally, the data analysis followed a qualitative approach, which uses content interpretation techniques to identify patterns, trends and gaps in the existing literature. The process was carried out in a systematic manner, ensuring the validity and consistency of the findings, with the objetive of responding to the central problem of the research. The data collection, selection and analysis steps have been conducted rigorously, ensuring that the work is robust and aligned to scientific standards.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
With regard to the construction industry, just as technology improves over the years, constructive methodologies also need to adapt and fit into this context of evolution and innovation. Thus, from this research, it was observed that technological innovations can facilitate in the elaboration, execution and management of civil construction projects, in the reduction of costs, deadlines and, mainly, waste, which contributes to the sustainability of the environment.
The use of BIM, as pointed out by Duarte et al. (2023) and Gonçalves (2020), represents one of the most significant advances in civil construction. By integrating multidimensional information about time (4D) and costs (5D), BIM enables more accurate management, optimizing project compatibility and resource allocation. This responds directly to market demand for more efficient and cost-effective solutions, especially in complex projects. Furthermore, as suggested by Barros (2017), the integration of BIM with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) enhances the sustainability of projects, providing a stricter environmental control, which is in line with the increasing demands for more sustainable buildings.
Thus, BIM stands out as a powerful tool in civil construction, which allows the creation and management of detailed information of a project in an integrated digital model. With the ability to operate in multiple dimensions (2D to 7D), BIM provides greater integration and interoperability between the different professionals involved, reducing errors and increasing efficiency in the management and execution of works.
In practice, a construction project that adopts BIM may see a significant improvement in coordination between architects, engineers, and builders. For example, during the planning phase, BIM allows for detailed three-dimensional visualization of the building, which facilitates the identification of possible conflicts between structural, electrical and hydraulic systems even before the start of construction. In addition, the 4D dimension (work schedule) helps to plan construction steps accurately, while the 5D dimension (budget) allows for more rigorous and transparent financial management. Mazzione (2013) presented a classification of the use of BIM technology in distinct construction activities to ratify its importance
Purchasing specialized software and upgrading hardware to support BIM requires significant investments. In addition, software licenses and the ongoing need for updates can increase operating costs. Another crucial challenge is the training of professionals that requires specific technical skills that are not yet widely disseminated in the industry, so this need for training can delay BIM adoption and increase implementation costs. In general, the implementation of BIM implies a profound change in the way of working, requiring adaptation to processes and organizational restructuring. Many professionals and companies may show resistance to abandoning traditional methods in favor of new technologies, making it difficult to adopt BIM.
3D printing has also shown great transformation potential. The study by Ruiz (2022) shows that this technology can speed up the construction processes and reduce the waste of materials, meeting both the need for optimization of deadlines and the search for more sustainable solutions. However, challenges such as material standardization and large-scale economic viability still need to be overcome for 3D printing to consolidate as a widely adopted solution. Silva et al. (2020) also reinforce that, despite the challenges, the benefits for sustainability are evident, especially in terms of waste reduction and energy consumption.
In building a house, for example, 3D printing can be used to produce structural elements such as walls and pillars directly on site, helping to reduce the time and cost of construction. However, the initial cost of purchasing 3D printers and specific materials is high and requires significant investment from companies in the sector, as well as expenses for operation and maintenance, the technical skills that are not yet widely disseminated in civil construction. Finally, the scale of implementation is still a considerable difficulty. While 3D printing is efficient for smaller components and specific structural elements, its application in large-scale buildings presents time and logistical challenges. In addition, integrating these printed components with traditional construction methods can be complex and may require adjustments and adaptations. It is also worth highlighting the need for the creation of regulations that establish parameters for the workability of technology in the civil construction industry.
The drones, in turn, introduce a new level of precision in the monitoring of works. As highlighted by Gouveia et al. (2021) and Nery et al. (2021), the use of this technology allows works to be monitored in real time, providing more accurate data and agility in the inspection and control process. This breakthrough addresses the market need for solutions that promote security, reduce operational costs, and increase operational efficiency. Furthermore, the possibility of carrying out topographical surveys with greater speed and precision proves to be essential for the management of projects on a large scale or on land of difficult access, expanding the possibilities of acting in the sector.
Thus, in a large-scale project, such as the construction of a stadium, drones can be used to map the ground before the works begin, in addition to ensuring the precise understanding of the soil conditions. During construction, drones equipped with high-resolution cameras can inspect elevated structures such as roofs and facades, ensuring workers' safety and construction quality without the need for difficult and dangerous scaffolding or other access equipment. However, the technological limitations of drones are also a concern. Limited flight autonomy, susceptibility to adverse weather conditions, and the need for frequent maintenance may restrict the efficiency and utility of drones in certain construction settings. In addition, the rules and regulations for the use of drones vary between different regions and countries, companies need to ensure that they operate within local laws, which may include flight restrictions, the need for licenses, and specific permissions.
Finally, virtual reality provides immersive experience, allowing those involved in the project to visualize and interact with the three-dimensional model of the building before its construction. This facilitates communication between different professionals and with customers, as well as improving the understanding of the project and the identification of possible problems. This contributes significantly to reducing errors and improving the decisionmaking process, as project professionals can visualize the environments in detail and make adjustments in the planning phase. This ability to anticipate responds to the market's need for more assertive deliveries that are adjusted to customer expectations, while minimizing rework and additional costs. In the development of a shopping mall, for example, VR can be used to create a virtual tour of the future building, allowing investors and customers to explore the internal and external spaces before construction. This not only helps detect and correct design flaws, but is also a powerful marketing tool, demonstrating the value and viability of the project in an engaging and convincing way. However, it also shows difficulties with the cost of acquiring equipment and software, besides the qualification of the professionals and resistance to changes on the part of the professionals, companies and the market.
It should be noted that there are already facilitators that can be implemented immediately in new projects and constructions, such as the use of BIM software and drone, are already available in the market and are easily accessible. However, some technologies still need to be studied and evolved in order to be able to meet demands primarily at large scales, such as the case of 3D printing. Furthermore, these technologies, by being adopted in an integrated manner, transform not only the technical processes of civil construction, but also the dynamics of the market. Almeida et al. (2023), companies that incorporate technological innovations tend to be more competitive by being able to deliver solutions faster, with lower cost and higher quality control.
The construction sector is undergoing a paradigm shift driven by technological advances. This research has shown that technologies like BIM, 3D printing, drones and virtual reality have the potential to revolutionize the way we design, build and manage buildings. These innovations offer significant benefits, including greater efficiency, better quality, and greater sustainability. BIM in particular emerged as a cornerstone of modern construction, providing a comprehensive digital representation of a building. By integrating information from multiple disciplines, BIM enables better coordination, reduces errors, and optimizes resource allocation. The integration of BIM with other technologies, such as 3D printing and VR, further enhances its capabilities, enabling more sophisticated design and construction processes. 3D printing is a huge promise for the construction industry, offering the potential for custom on-site manufacturing and waste reduction. The drones, in turn, revolutionized site monitoring and inspection, providing real-time data and improving security. Virtual reality has transformed the way we view and experience built environments, facilitating better communication and collaboration among stakeholders. While these technologies offer significant advantages, their widespread adoption is hindered by several challenges. High up-front costs, a lack of skilled labor and resilience to change are common barriers. In addition, integrating these technologies into existing workflows can be complex and time consuming. Looking ahead, the future of construction is likely to be characterized by greater automation, greater sustainability, and a higher degree of customization. As these technologies continue to evolve, the construction industry will need to adapt to remain competitive and meet the evolving needs of society. By embracing these technological advances and addressing the associated challenges, the construction industry can create more sustainable, efficient and innovative built environments.
5 CONCLUSION
The research highlights the need for adaptation and innovation in the construction industry to keep pace with technological progress. Innovations such as BIM, 3D printing, drones and virtual reality present promising solutions for the design, execution and management of projects, contributing significantly to the reduction of costs, deadlines and waste. BIM has proven to be a powerful tool, improving project coordination and efficiency. However, its implementation faces challenges such as high costs and the need for capacity building.
3D printing offers speed and cost-effectiveness in building components, but faces obstacles related to high up-front costs, integration with traditional methods, and validation through regulatory standards. Drones and virtual reality improve accuracy and communication in projects, but also present technological and regulatory limitations.
Despite these barriers, some of these technologies, such as BIM and drones, are already readily available and can be implemented immediately, while others, such as 3D printing, still need to evolve to meet larger-scale demands.
The adoption not only of these technologies but of other innovations are becoming inevitable and essential for the evolution of civil construction. Innovation brings with it the promise of more efficient, sustainable and integrated projects. However, the success of this transformation depends on the willingness of companies to invest in new systems and in the training of their professionals, as well as in overcoming cultural barriers and resistance to change, as well as breaking paradigms. The construction companies that manage to adapt to this new reality will be ahead in the market, and will certainly enjoy significant competitive advantages.
Thus, the hypothesis proposed in this study suggests that the adoption of emerging technologies such as BIM, 3D Printing, Drones and Virtual Reality in civil construction can significantly transform the sector, taking into account the requirements of an increasingly competitive market and the different realities of the built environment. Throughout the research, it was possible to identify robust evidence that corroborates this hypothesis, demonstrating how these technologies positively impact project management, construction processes and the sustainability of the sector.
In response to the research question - how can BIM, 3D Printing, Drones and Virtual Reality technologies transform construction and meet the growing demands of the market? - the results indicate that these technological innovations introduce significant improvements in efficiency, cost control, safety and sustainability, as well as contributing to the reduction of time limits and the mitigation of waste.
Research shows that the construction sector is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by rapid technological evolution. Innovations such as BIM, 3D printing, drones and virtual reality offer significant potential to optimize processes, reduce costs and increase construction efficiency. BIM, in particular, stands out as a versatile tool that integrates information and facilitates coordination between the various stages of the project. 3D printing promises to revolutionize construction component manufacturing, while drones and virtual reality improve data collection, visualization and project management. However, the adoption of these technologies faces challenges such as high implementation costs, the need for specialized training, and resilience to change. Moreover, the lack of norms and standards may make it difficult to integrate these technologies into large-scale projects. Despite these obstacles, companies that invest in innovation and training of their professionals will be better prepared to face market challenges and gain a competitive advantage. The research shows that the initial hypothesis, that emerging technologies can transform the construction sector, is corroborated by the results obtained. The adoption of these tools contributes to the construction of more efficient, sustainable and personalized projects, meeting the demands of an increasingly demanding market. However, it is essential that the industry continues to invest in research and development to overcome current challenges and explore new possibilities. In short, the construction sector is in a moment of transition, in which technology is playing an increasingly central role. Companies that adopt these innovations will be better prepared to build a more sustainable and efficient future.
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Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to present the importance of technological innovations in the construction sector, detailing some tools and devices that can be used, aiming to show how the adoption of new technologies can reduce costs and promote sustainable practices. Theoretical Framework: The study highlights research and authors focused on technological innovation and sustainability in construction, providing a solid foundation for understanding the opportunities and challenges faced by the sector in adopting modern technologies. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a bibliographic study, based on academic and electronic sources addressing technological innovations in construction. Results and Discussion: The results highlight the urgent need for modernization in Brazilian construction, showing the positive impact of technology adoption on cost reduction and sustainability. The discussion addresses resistance to innovation and the benefits for companies that adopt technologies, as well as limitations within the sector. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications include applications for companies and public policies that encourage innovation and sustainability, promoting greater competitiveness in the sector. Originality/Value: This study demonstrates the relevance of technological innovations in construction, a sector essential to the economy but resistant to change. It highlights how emerging technologies can improve efficiency and sustainability in Brazil.