ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the impacts of the extreme hydrological drought of 2023 on artisanal fishing in the Lower Amazon Integration Region and its threats to the development of the Bioeconomy Plan for the state of Pará, and to understand how this production chain is vulnerable to the risks arising from climate variability and change.
Theoretical Framework: In order to understand the vulnerability of artisanal fisheries to climate change, as well as to propose adaptive strategies, the Climate Lens tool was applied (OECD, 2009; Carvalho et al., 2021).
Method: The methodology adopted included gathering climate data and information on artisanal fishing and the 2023 drought in reports from state and non-governmental agencies and technical opinions from municipal civil defense departments. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with directors of fishermen's colonies and officials from the municipal civil defense departments.
Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that, in vulnerable municipalities, without access to income, drinking water, food and facing social isolation, artisanal fishing has become impractical due to low water levels in rivers and lakes, resulting in an incalculable fish die-off. [synthesize the main results of the research]. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section.
Research Implications: Based on these results, adaptive measures are recommended that can be implemented in response to existing and/or potential climate impacts.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by highlighting solutions for the climate scenario experienced in the Lower Amazon Integration Region and for the implementation of the Bioeconomy Plan for the state of Pará.
Keywords: Artisanal Fishing, Climate Change, Bioeconomy, Climate Lens.
RESUMO
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os impactos da seca hidrológica extrema de 2023 na pesca artesanal na Região de Integração do Baixo Amazonas e suas ameaças ao desenvolvimento do Plano de Bioeconomia do estado do Pará, e compreender como essa cadeia produtiva é vulnerável aos riscos decorrentes da variabilidade e das mudanças climáticas.
Referencial Teórico: A fim de compreender a vulnerabilidade da pesca artesanal às mudanças climáticas, assim como propor estratégias adaptativas, aplicou-se a ferramenta da Lente Climática (OCDE, 2009; Carvalho et al., 2021).
Método: A metodologia adotada compreende o levantamento de dados climáticos e informações da pesca artesanal e da seca de 2023 em relatórios de agências estatais, não governamentais e pareceres técnicos de Secretarias Municipais de Defesa Civil. Também se utilizou da entrevista semiestrutura com diretores das colônias de pescadores e funcionários das secretarias de defesa civil dos municípios.
Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados obtidos revelaram que, nos municípios em situação de vulnerabilidade, sem acesso à renda, água potável, alimentação e enfrentando isolamento social, a atividade da pesca artesanal tornou-se impraticável devido à baixa dos níveis de água nos rios e lagos, resultando em uma incalculável morte de peixes.
Implicações da Pesquisa: A partir desses resultados, recomendam-se medidas adaptativas que possam ser implementadas como resposta aos impactos climáticos existentes e/ou potenciais.
Originalidade/Valor: Este estudo contribui headnote a literatura ao destacar soluções headnote o cenário climático vivenciado na Região de Integração do Baixo Amazonas e headnote a implementação do Plano de Bioeconomia do estado do Pará.
Palavras-chave: Pesca Artesanal, Mudanças Climáticas, Bioeconomia, Lente Climática.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los impactos de la sequía hidrológica extrema de 2023 en la pesca artesanal de la Región de Integración de la Baja Amazonia y sus amenazas headnote el desarrollo del Plan de Bioeconomía del Estado de Pará, y comprender la vulnerabilidad de esta cadena productiva a los riesgos derivados de la variabilidad y el cambio climático.
Marco Teórico: headnote comprender la vulnerabilidad de la pesca artesanal al cambio climático, así como headnote proponer estrategias de adaptación, se aplicó la herramienta Climate Lens (OCDE, 2009; Carvalho et al., 2021).
Método: La metodología adoptada incluyó un estudio de los datos climáticos y la información sobre la pesca artesanal y la sequía de 2023 en informes de organismos estatales y no gubernamentales y opiniones técnicas de los departamentos municipales de protección civil. También se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con directores de colonias de pescadores y funcionarios de los departamentos municipales de defensa civil.
Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que, en los municipios en situación de vulnerabilidad, sin acceso a ingresos, agua potable, alimentos y enfrentados al aislamiento social, la pesca artesanal se ha vuelto impracticable debido a los bajos niveles de agua en ríos y lagos, lo que ha provocado una mortandad incalculable de peces.
Implicaciones de la investigación: A partir de estos resultados, se recomiendan medidas de adaptación que pueden aplicarse en respuesta a los impactos climáticos existentes y/o potenciales.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio contribuye a la literatura destacando soluciones headnote el escenario climático experimentado en la Región de Integración de la Baja Amazonia y headnote la implementación del Plan de Bioeconomía headnote el estado de Pará.
Palabras clave: Pesca Artesanal, Cambio Climático, Bioeconomía, Climate Lens.
1 INTRODUCTION
Scenarios of high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could raise temperatures in Brazil by 2.2°C and increase the duration of heat waves by 7.6% by 2050, and their economic impacts will include a loss of 7% of GDP by 2100 (CMCC, 2021). Climate change in the Brazilian Amazon may result in a 40-45% reduction in rainfall and an average temperature increase between 5 and 6 °C by 2100 (Nobre et al., 2019). Changes in rainfall frequency and intensity are critical factors in the magnitude and duration of the dry season in the Amazon (Silva & Seyler, 2013; Marengo & Souza Jr., 2018).
The state of Pará, in the Amazon region, the second largest emitter of GHG in Brazil in 2022 (SEEG, 2023), stands out for the approval of targeted public policies that associate the themes of climate change, sustainable development and bioeconomy. Law No. 9.048/2020 created the State Policy on Climate Change of Pará (PEMC), aiming to promote adaptation and mitigation measures to climate impacts. Decree No. 941/2020 established the Amazonia Agora (PEAA) State Plan, with the aim of developing a sustainable model based on environmental conservation, the efficiency of productive chains and the improvement of socio-environmental conditions. Decree 1.943/2021 establishes the State Bioeconomy Plan (PlanBio), based on the PEMC and the PEEA, which proposes to reorient socioeconomic development from the perspective of the Bioeconomy. Bioeconomics is based on nature-based solutions, with the valorisation of traditional knowledge and production systems, environmental conservation, research and innovation. PlanBio structures 4 productive chains - non-timber forest, timber forest with potential access to forest concession, agriculture (as long as compatible with forest) and artisanal fishing. The chains are located in the Araguaia, Baixo Amazonas, Carajás, Rio Guamá, Lago do Tucuruí, Marajó, Rio Caeté, Rio Capim, Tapajós, Tocantins and Xingu Integration Regions. In the Integration Region of the Lower Amazon the High-Very High priority relates to the chain of artisanal fishing, as a strategy of income generation, employment and food supply for the population of the rural and urban environment (Pará, 2022a).
Small-scale fishing is heavily dependent on the climate. Therefore, extreme climatic events impact the floodplains of the Amazon and consequently artisanal fishing and local populations (Espinoza et al., 2024; Andrade et al., 2018). The municipalities of the Integration Region of the Lower Amazon were the most affected in the state of Pará by the severe drought of October 2023, which impacted populations, agriculture (crop loss and/or pasture), hydrological supply (water scarcity, water restriction), fishing (death of fish, drought of rivers and lakes) and ecological (Brazil, 2023; Sousa et al., 2023). This occasion led to the publication, in the Official Gazette of the Union of 26/10/2023, of Ordinance No. 3345 of the National Secretariat of Protection and Civil Defence of emergency recognition of drought in municipalities (Brazil, 2023b). In this context, the article analyses the impacts of the extreme hydrological drought of 2023 on artisanal fishing in the Integration Region of the Lower Amazon and its threats for the development of the Bioeconomy Plan of the State of Pará. Through the application of the Climate Lens, it is examined to what extent this productive chain is vulnerable to the risks arising from variability and climate changes, and adaptive measures are recommended that can be implemented as a response to existing and/or potential impacts.
2 THEORETICAL FRAME
The Integration Region of the Lower Amazon is composed of 13 municipalities, which house 8% of the population, 27% of the forest cover and 32% of the hydrography of the state of Pará, and form its largest mosaic of protected areas (IMAZON, 2015) (Figure 1). These municipalities have high rates of socio-economic and environmental vulnerability (Pará, 2020; 2022b).
The seasonal dynamics of the waters in the Lower Amazon Region, with periods of floods, floods, leaks and droughts (Pinheiro et al., 2020; Bentes et al., 2018), form extensive floodplains, where lakes play a key role in the productivity of the aquatic ecosystem and in artisanal fishing (Mcgrathet al., 1993). Although the riverside populations of the region's floodplain are characterised by a diversified economy (family farming, small animal husbandry), they have their main activity in artisanal fishing, for consumption and marketing (Hora & Moreira, 2019). The month of October is historically marked by the lowest rainfall rates in the region, values that have been reducing, associated with the increase in temperature - in the meteorological season of the municipality of Óbidos, the average temperature went from 27.8°C in the period 1961-1990 to 28.5°C in the period 1991-2020 and the average precipitation decreased from 71.4 mm to 44.5 mm in the same range (INMET, 2022). In October 2023, the temperature was 28.9°C and the precipitation was 13.4 mm (2023).
2.1 ARTISANAL FISHING IN THE AMAZON AND THE STATE OF PARÁ
Small-scale or artisanal fishing in Brazil (Law 11.959/2009) is a commercial activity carried out by professional fisherman who works autonomously or in a family economy, with their own means of production or under a partnership contract, and can use small vessels (Brazil, 2009). In the Amazon, it contributes with a significant part of the diet, marketing and work and income of the population (Cerdeira et al., 1997; Sousa & Feitosa, 2022). The Family Budget Surveys of the Brazilian Institute of Geography from 2002-2003, 2008-2009 and 2017- 2018 reveal that the consumption of fish per capita of the states of the Amazon region is predominant in comparison with other regions of the country, but with a negative trend (IBGE, 2019). Household food consumption per capita of fish in the state of Pará increased from 24.1 kg/hab/year in 2002 to 11.1 kg/hab/year in 2018 (Pará, 2023). Barthem and Goulding (2007) state that it is difficult to determine the exact number of fish species consumed by the Amazon population, but 30 species represent more than 90% of total fish production, with six species accounting for half of that production (Barthem et al., 2019). One of the greatest non-climatic barriers to the reduction of the fishing stock stems from the over-exploitation of the fish, large infrastructure projects, population growth coupled with pressure for the consumption of few species and the use of hammocks (Silvano & Halwass, 2021; Pelicice et al., 2017; Duponchelle et al., 2021).
2.2 CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE AMAZON, DROUGHT AND ITS EFFECTS ON ARTISANAL FISHING IN PARÁ
The great droughts of 1925/26, 1982/83 and 1997/98 in the Amazon were associated with the occurrence of intense episodes of the phenomenon "El Niño", but not the droughts of 1964 and 1980 (Alves et al., 2013). In the 21st century, climate change has been identified as causes of droughts in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2023 (Nobre et al., 2019; World Weather Attribution, 2024). Cox et al. (2008) describe shorter drought return times in the Amazon. Hydrological drought is a natural process that causes a complex disaster, affecting all the components of the environment and generating economic, environmental and social impacts. Drought undermines people's livelihoods by interfering with river navigability, employment and income, human migration, agricultural production, food prices and access to water (Islam, 2023). Reducing rainfall prolongs drought and decreases flooded area, which initially facilitates the capture of fish stocks, but over time leads to the death of fish and the fall in the growth and recruitment of species, resulting in the decline of fish stocks (Ropke et al., 2017). The severe drought in the Amazon basin in 2023 resulted in a significant decline in fish populations, due among other things to high water temperatures (Braz-Mota & Val, 2024).
Changes in the long-term climate system increase the likelihood of severe impacts on physical and biogeochemical systems and on the reproduction of socio-economy and biodiversity (Rodrigues Filho & Santos, 2011), compromising the Amazon rivers and their flood/drought pulses and consequently artisanal fishing (Guerreiro et al., 2021). Climate change in the Amazon affects the hydrological system and consequently the aquatic biota, altering the air-water interface, increasing the incidence of ultraviolet radiation, temperature, salt leaching and silting of the channels, as well as decreasing the areas used for feeding and nurseries and the availability of free oxygen (Val & Almeida Val, 2008). Predicting the impact of climate change on fish species in the Amazon is complex, given the great diversity and lack of knowledge about the natural history, ecology and distribution of most species (Zuanon, 2008). Fabre et al (2017) identified in three rivers a negative correlation between the intensity of drought and assemblies of fish, which indicates that due to the low oxygen concentration, many Amazonian species may not have sufficient strategies to cope with these climate impacts. Oberdorff et al. (2015) describe that climate change can lead to the direct extinction of fish species and/or progressively modify the structure and composition of organisms, as well as the distribution of habitats. Therefore, those species that are more tolerant to temperature changes (e.g. arapaima) will probably have their production expanded throughout the basin, while the less resistant ones (e.g. tambaqui) will reduce their geographical area (Lopes et al., 2017).
3 METHODOLOGY
The artisanal fishing was analysed based on the methodological tool of the Climate Lens (OECD, 2009; Carvalho et al., 2021). Using the Climate Lens, it is possible to evaluate the following components:
a) threat: type of climatic event and its variables;
b) probability: the possibility that the threat will occur based on climate scenarios and projections;
c) exposure: system of interest subject to the threat and potentially affected;
d) sensitivity: the extent to which the system of interest is affected by climate threats;
e) adaptive capacity means the ability of the system of interest to deal with the consequences of the climate threat or to seize opportunities;
f) vulnerability: the relationship between the sensitivity of the system of interest and its ability to adapt to the climate threat;
g) potential impacts: consequences that the threat may cause on the system of interest;
h) climate risk: the conditions and trends of the systems of interest, in the face of the expected climate threats, the existing vulnerabilities, the potential impacts to be considered and their likelihood of occurrence.
The sources of climate data and information on artisanal fishing and drought of 2023 were obtained in reports from state agencies (National Institute of Meteorology, National Agency of Water and Basic Sanitation), non-governmental (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Observatory) and technical opinions on the disaster of drought of 2023, from the Secretariats of Civil Defence of the municipalities of Oriximiná, Alenquer, Óbidos, Juruti and Santarém.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted in November 2023 (peak of hydrological drought) and August 2024 (before a new hydrological drought) with:
a) Directors of the Fishermen's Colonies of the municipalities of Alenquer (2,416 fishermen), Santarém (7,400 fishermen), Juruti (949 fishermen), Óbidos (3,000 fishermen), Oriximiná (600 fishermen) and Monte Alegre (5,600 fishermen) and fish market traders in Alenquer and Santarém. The questions were: Has drought impacted artisanal fishing activity, income, food and access to clean water? What actions are carried out to mitigate/reduce the impacts of drought? If the extreme drought continues, what adaptation measures could be adopted?
b) officials of the Secretariats for Agricultural and Fisheries Development (SEDAP) and Environment and Sustainability (SEMAS) of the State of Pará; officials of the Secretariats for Civil Defence of the municipalities of Alenquer, Oriximiná, Santarém, Juruti and Óbidos and of the Secretariats for Fishing of the municipalities of Alenquer and Santarém. The questions were: Is there an assessment of climate impacts on artisanal fishing? What adaptation actions are planned and implemented that take into account the impacts of extreme droughts?
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In order to understand the vulnerability of artisanal fishing to climate change, as well as to propose adaptive strategies, the Climate Lens tool was applied (Figure 2).
The climate threat is associated with the rise in temperature and the reduction of rainfall and the recording of the high probability of occurrence of drought events. The Lower Amazon Integration Region in the state of Pará, characterised as a high priority for artisanal fishing activities in the context of the bioeconomy, was the most exposed to drought in 2023.
Based on the technical opinions of the Municipal Civil Defence of Santarém (2023), Juruti (2023), Alenquer (2023), Óbidos (2023) and Oriximiná (2023), which decreed emergency drought (modality of the Brazilian Classification and Codification of Disasters whose prolonged period of low or no record of rain) indicate the total of 13,767 families affected, various environmental damage, high socioeconomic sensitivity of families, the difficulty of leaving the affected areas, the high degree of social isolation and dependence on the State for its survival. Many families have lost all income expected for the months following the drought (November and December). In the semi-structured interviews, the Directors of the Fishermen's Colonies of Oriximiná, Alenquer, Óbidos, Santarém, Juruti and Monte Alegre report that their members do not access family farming policies, considering that they are part of the target public. Likewise, according to the Fishermen's Colonies, people affected by drought have poor access to public facilities (drinking water, electricity, health) and are not given rural technical assistance. This context described up until now has aggravated even more the sensitivity of these communities to climate change.
Prior analysis and monitoring of the areas susceptible to climate change, nor adaptive measures for the case of prolongation of drought in the Integration Region of the Lower Amazon were identified in the interviews with the Secretariat of the Environment of the State of Pará, responsible for the Bioeconomy Plan, the Fishermen's Colonies and the officials of the Secretariat of Civil Defence of the municipalities of Santarém, Oriximiná, Alenquer, Óbidos and Juruti. Likewise, in fishing colonies, when asked about the possibility of prolonging the extreme drought for longer, everyone puts the fear that the future of artisanal fishing is going to get difficult with the lack of fish, and they cry out to God and to nature for the rivers and lakes to fill up again.
The Secretariats of Civil Defence present palliative measures of response, such as delivery of baskets and gallons of water, hoses and water pumps. Juruti's Civil Defence mobilised firefighters, municipal officials, nursing technicians, car operators, kites and drone to map the areas, professionals to do environmental project consultancy to open new access routes and adapt the city's port through earthmoving services. A crisis committee was set up in the municipality of Oriximiná, in a joint and coordinated effort to provide immediate aid and support to areas affected by the drought, and teams were mobilised to maintain and recover water systems. In Alenquer, the first actions were made with own resources of the municipality,
such as installation of filters for the treatment of drinking water, distribution of social assistance materials and vehicles/equipment for secondary aid. The artisanal fishing bioeconomy, under the direction of the directors of the Fishermen's Colonies, suffered the following impacts with the 2023 drought: interruption of productive activities, loss of income and production (death of fish), hunger, restriction in access to drinking water in quantity and quality, and social isolation of the communities. If the drought continues, these impacts will worsen, leading to the abandonment of fishing activities and rising food prices for society, which, coupled with the rural-riverside exodus, poses a risk of extinction of artisanal fishing.
According to the technical opinions of the Civil Defence, the impacts of drought include the reduction of biodiversity, the imbalance of the food chain, the mortality of fauna, erosion, forest fires, air pollution, the isolation of riverside communities and the restriction of drinking water and food. Several riverside communities have faced outbreaks of diarrhoea and vomiting due to muddy water contamination and lung diseases. Trade has been rendered ineffective, affecting family farming activities (e.g. flour and vegetable production), extractivism (e.g. chestnut exports) and fishing. Small-scale fishing is identified as one of the most impacted socio-economic activities, given its intrinsic link with water. The lack of fishing grounds (drought in the lakes and the distance from the rivers), the mortality rate of fish due to the high temperatures and the lack of oxygen dissolved in the water are some of the factors that aggravate this situation. The Municipal Secretariat of Fishing and Aquaculture of Alenquer estimates that the fishermen had a loss of 95% of the monthly income in October 2023, due to the nonmarketing of 30 tons of fish, which equates to a loss of R $ 500.000. The Municipal Secretariat for Rural Development and Supply of Óbidos estimates that the severe drought has caused a loss of R $ 3.000.000 in artisanal fishing.
Market traders for fish and fishers tied to the colonies were adversely affected by the severe drought of 2023, in relation to:
(a)number of fish - High mortality due to high temperatures, low oxygen level and lack of water in lakes and rivers;
(b)types of fish - The diversity of fish was reduced with the mortality of the species hake, peacock bass, surubim, tambaqui, pacu, jaraqui and white whites);
(c)reproduction of fish - The reproduction of fish that depend on the migration of large shoals upstream to spawn (pyracema) was reduced by the reduction of water and mortality of the newly juveniles of the species of peacock bass, hake, curimatã;
(d)Transport Logistics - Fishermen face difficulties in moving to other areas of capture, due to the increase in distances, the higher cost of fuel and ice, and the greater expenditure of time for productive activity. Some communities were isolated and difficult to access during this period;
(e)supply and price of fish traded - The supply of fish has decreased, reducing economic incomes by 60 to 80% of fishermen and traders; fish prices have increased by about 100% due to little supply;
(f) fish quality - the fish has become unfit for consumption due to contact with water and other fish in a degraded state.
(g)suspension of fishing activities - Fishing activities have been halted and several fishermen have sought temporary work;
(h)Fishermen migrated to the cities - fishermen migrated from the riverside areas to the urban centres, and, should the drought continue, it is believed that this situation could accelerate the process of rural exodus.
The directors of the Fishermen's Colonies (with the exception of Óbidos) stated that the drought had an impact on the fishermen's diet, since: i) it diversified the diet by purchasing products from outside the region (e.g. chicken, canned); ii) it changed the place where the products were obtained, affecting the mobility for acquiring them; and, mainly, iii) it decreased the quantity of fish consumed. The director of the Alenquer Fishermen's Colony points out that during the dry season, 70% of the fishermen's diet came to be made up of products coming from outside the community, and the monthly income of the fisherman fell by 80%, the remaining 20% being intended exclusively for the purchase of food, but still insufficient. In relation to Óbidos, the diretor of the Fishermen's Colony points out that the impacts were not so serious, since the communities did not remain isolated and managed to obtain food and water in the urban centre of the municipality. However, the technical opinion of the Civil Defence of Óbidos points out that the drought affected the purchase of food and the consumption of drinking water in the riverside areas.
This scenario reflected the halving of the intake of fish per day, the difficulty of access to food coming from outside the community and the low income conditions, revealing a picture of poverty and food insecurity for the artisanal fishermen. It should be noted that the highest proportion of households with moderate or severe food insecurity in the country is from the state of Pará (20.3%) (IBGE, 2023). The riverside population of the Amazon has historically faced limitations and restrictions on access to clean water (Fiocruz Amazônia, 2023). The directors of the respective Fishermen's Colonies highlighted during the dry season a reduction in the quantity and a degradation in the quality of the available water, as well as a change in the place of production.
Colony Directors report that prevention and/or adaptation actions for the climate event of severe drought are less planned than those for flooding. With the flood, the fishermen are already organised to structure the dwellings, to fish in certain places, already with the severe drought, the challenges become more complex, having no strategy of organisation. The fish market traders in Santarém mention, as an adaptive measure, the purchase of fish from fish farming and/or temporary work in other activities. The directors mention the absence of public policies, with the exception of the Provisional Measure 1192/23 that made possible an Extraordinary Assistance of R$ 2,640 for artisanal fishermen who are beneficiaries of the Closed Term Insurance (a benefit paid to the artisanal fisherman, who is prohibited from exercising his fishing activity during the period of prohibition of some species) who were jeopardised by the drought. Based on the semi-structured interviews conducted with civil society and state entities, planned adaptive measures are recommended, necessary to ensure the maintenance of the artisanal fishing activity in the Integration Region of the Lower Amazon. Adaptive measures for artisanal fisheries are:
(a)artisanal fisheries research - increased investments in research on the effects of climate change, with data monitoring, empirical observations and warning systems that allow action anticipation and damage reduction;
(b)climate zoning of artisanal fisheries - zoning indicates the areas most susceptible to climate change and its effects arising (changes in the water flow of lakes, rivers, fish at risk, etc.);
(c)drinking water and electricity - for the survival of the fishermen in their places of origin during the drought and the packaging of food, it is recommended to create microsystems of drinking water, artesian wells and the capture of rainwater via cisterns in the central areas of the communities, as well as water filters. Linked to drinking water policies, the installation of power generation mechanisms in the central headquarters of communities is necessary;
(d)National Family Agriculture Programme (PRONAF) subsidised credit lines and Technical Assistance for the artisanal fisherman - in view of the fact that the artisanal fisherman is an integral part of family farming policies, it is necessary to guarantee access for fishermen to credit policies with subsidised interest, enabling levels of productivity and/or innovation to mitigate climate impacts. Associated with the credit, fishermen must have access to Technical Assistance and Rural Extension, which correctly directs the handling of the fish, introduces subsistence farming techniques and recommends social technologies, among others;
(e)Fisherman and Fisheries Agreements - artisanal fishermen can be included in the Family Agriculture Rural Insurance Policy, especially the Safra Guarantee (GS) (Law 10.420/2002). GS is integrated with PRONAF, being a cash aid received by family farmers in the Northeast and North of the state of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. Therefore, it is recommended to include the financial benefit for fishermen from the Pará Integration Regions affected by the drought. As a condition for being a beneficiary of climate insurance, artisanal fishermen must be organised in fishing colonies and formalise fisheries agreements (management tool for fisheries management and control strategies);
(f) Strengthening the Riverside Itinerant Health Units - to avoid worsening health conditions, it becomes necessary to strengthen the itinerant basic health units; (g)restoring degraded areas and reforestation - restoring and conserving degraded areas on the floodplains and reforestating the banks of the headwaters of rivers, lakes and streams would contribute to the improvement of the water flow;
(h)access to institutional markets of the Food Purchase Programme (PAA) and the National School Food Programme (PNAE) - it is recommended that artisanal fishermen can supply their fish for public purchases of the state, through the PAA and the PNAE, allowing the commercialisation of their products, increase income and the supply of food of nutritional quality to vulnerable entities and students of the public education network;
(i) training and new opportunities for work and income (building new skills) - public policy of professional training for other work activities is recommended, and incentive to psychology provided that it is implemented in a cooperative way and with state financial subsidy.
5 CONCLUSION
The Amazon is dependent on the hydrological regime, and the devastating scenario of the severe drought of October 2023 puts in check the project for the development of the Pará Bioeconomy, especially the productive chain of artisanal fishing. The artisanal fishermen in the Lower Amazon Integration Region are exposed to a double socio-economic and environmental vulnerability, making it necessary for the state of Pará, in conjunction with the national sphere, to formulate, improve and implement public policies and climate adaptive measures, with interventions focused on the drought period, which tend to be more frequent.
Based on research results, interviews and civil defence opinions, the 2023 severe drought left more than 15,000 families (mostly from riverside areas) in cities in a vulnerable situation, without access to income, clean water, food and facing social isolation. Small-scale fishing has become impractical due to low water levels in rivers and lakes, resulting in incalculable fish deaths.
State and municipal government agencies, fishing colonies and fish market traders do not monitor drought-sensitive areas, nor do they present adaptive measures; only palliative solutions are implemented. As a result of the drought, the survival of artisanal fishermen is at risk, with a view to prolonging the drought in 2024, with the jeopardising of lakes and fish stocks, and consequently of income generation, feeding capacity, access to drinking water and displacement. Adding to the lack of public equipment (health, energy, water) in the riverside communities, the rural-riverside exodus seems to be an inevitable outcome. For society, the levels of food insecurity tend to worsen due to the lack of fish protein or the high prices practised on the market, making it difficult to acquire it.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To the support of the junior post-doctoral scholarship of the CNPq process No. 166811/2023-8 and financial support of FAPESP in the Project: Innovation for the Creation of Sustainable Values: understanding the global value chains in the Amazon. Coordinator Cláudio F. Szlafsztein (UFPA).
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Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the impacts of the extreme hydrological drought of 2023 on artisanal fishing in the Lower Amazon Integration Region and its threats to the development of the Bioeconomy Plan for the state of Pará, and to understand how this production chain is vulnerable to the risks arising from climate variability and change. Theoretical Framework: In order to understand the vulnerability of artisanal fisheries to climate change, as well as to propose adaptive strategies, the Climate Lens tool was applied (OECD, 2009; Carvalho et al., 2021). Method: The methodology adopted included gathering climate data and information on artisanal fishing and the 2023 drought in reports from state and non-governmental agencies and technical opinions from municipal civil defense departments. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with directors of fishermen's colonies and officials from the municipal civil defense departments. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that, in vulnerable municipalities, without access to income, drinking water, food and facing social isolation, artisanal fishing has become impractical due to low water levels in rivers and lakes, resulting in an incalculable fish die-off. [synthesize the main results of the research]. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: Based on these results, adaptive measures are recommended that can be implemented in response to existing and/or potential climate impacts. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by highlighting solutions for the climate scenario experienced in the Lower Amazon Integration Region and for the implementation of the Bioeconomy Plan for the state of Pará.