GREEN TECHNOLOGIES TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE

Abstract

Objective: To examine the multiple dimensions of climate change, highlighting its consequences and the contributions of various human activities. Theoretical Framework: Green technologies that will mitigate climate change are known. Method: Descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study examined various dimensions (environmental, economic, social, technical, political and knowledge about green technologies) in a non-probabilistic sample of 23 second semester students of Agroindustrial Engineering at a state university. Results and Discussion: revealed that in the environmental dimension, 60.9% showed a medium level of awareness, while 47.8% had an intermediate economic perception. Implications of the research: It is pointed out that high global temperature generates glacier melting, intensive agriculture and cattle ranching cause methane, while dependence on non-renewable energy resources and inadequate solid waste management release pollutants. Originality/value: Inappropriate land use practices and population growth increase pressure on natural resources, aggravating environmental degradation.

Alternate abstract:

Objetivo: Examinar as múltiplas dimensões da mudança climática, destacando suas consequências e as contribuições de várias atividades humanas. Quadro teórico: Sabe-se que as tecnologias verdes mitigarão as mudanças climáticas. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo que examinou várias dimensões (ambiental, econômica, social, técnica, política e conhecimento sobre tecnologias verdes) em uma amostra não probabilística de 23 alunos do segundo semestre de Engenharia Agroindustrial de uma universidade estadual. Resultados e Discussão: revelaram que, na dimensão ambiental, 60,9% apresentaram um nível médio de conscientização, enquanto 47,8% tiveram uma percepção econômica intermediária. Implicações da pesquisa: A alta temperatura global leva ao derretimento das geleiras, a agricultura e a pecuária intensivas causam metano, enquanto a dependência de recursos energéticos não renováveis e o gerenciamento inadequado de resíduos sólidos liberam poluentes. Originalidade/valor: As práticas inadequadas de uso da terra e o crescimento populacional aumentam a pressão sobre os recursos naturais, agravando a degradação ambiental.

Alternate abstract:

Objetivo: Examina las múltiples dimensiones del cambio climático, destacando sus consecuencias y las contribuciones de diversas actividades humanas Marco Teórico: Se conocen las tecnologias verdes que permitirá mitigar el cambio climático. Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo examinó diversas dimensiones (ambiental, económica, social, técnica, política y conocimiento sobre tecnologías verdes) en una muestra no probabilística de 23 estudiantes de segundo semestre de la carrera de Ingeniería Agroindustrial en una universidad estatal. Resultados y Discusión: revelaron que en la dimensión ambiental, el 60.9% mostró un nivel medio de conciencia, mientras que el 47.8% tuvo una percepción económica intermedia. Implicaciones de la investigación: Se señala que la temperatura global elevada genera derretimiento de glaciares, la agricultura intensiva y la ganadería provocan metano, mientras que la dependencia de recursos de energía no renovables y la inadecuada gestión de residuos sólidos liberan contaminantes Originalidad/Valor: Las prácticas inadecuadas de uso del suelo y el crecimiento poblacional aumentan la presión sobre los recursos naturales, agravando la degradación ambiental.

Headnote

ABSTRACT

Objective: To examine the multiple dimensions of climate change, highlighting its consequences and the contributions of various human activities.

Theoretical Framework: Green technologies that will mitigate climate change are known.

Method: Descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study examined various dimensions (environmental, economic, social, technical, political and knowledge about green technologies) in a non-probabilistic sample of 23 second semester students of Agroindustrial Engineering at a state university.

Results and Discussion: revealed that in the environmental dimension, 60.9% showed a medium level of awareness, while 47.8% had an intermediate economic perception.

Implications of the research: It is pointed out that high global temperature generates glacier melting, intensive agriculture and cattle ranching cause methane, while dependence on non-renewable energy resources and inadequate solid waste management release pollutants.

Originality/value: Inappropriate land use practices and population growth increase pressure on natural resources, aggravating environmental degradation.

Keywords: Green Technologies, Climate Change, Environmental Awareness.

RESUMO

Objetivo: Examinar as múltiplas dimensões da mudança climática, destacando suas consequências e as contribuições de várias atividades humanas.

Quadro teórico: Sabe-se que as tecnologias verdes mitigarão as mudanças climáticas.

Método: estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo que examinou várias dimensões (ambiental, econômica, social, técnica, política e conhecimento sobre tecnologias verdes) em uma amostra não probabilística de 23 alunos do segundo semestre de Engenharia Agroindustrial de uma universidade estadual.

Resultados e Discussão: revelaram que, na dimensão ambiental, 60,9% apresentaram um nível médio de conscientização, enquanto 47,8% tiveram uma percepção econômica intermediária.

Implicações da pesquisa: A alta temperatura global leva ao derretimento das geleiras, a agricultura e a pecuária intensivas causam metano, enquanto a dependência de recursos energéticos não renováveis e o gerenciamento inadequado de resíduos sólidos liberam poluentes.

Originalidade/valor: As práticas inadequadas de uso da terra e o crescimento populacional aumentam a pressão sobre os recursos naturais, agravando a degradação ambiental.

Palavras-chave: Tecnologias Verdes, Mudança Climática, Conscientização Ambiental.

RESUMEN

Objetivo: Examina las múltiples dimensiones del cambio climático, destacando sus consecuencias y las contribuciones de diversas actividades humanas

Marco Teórico: Se conocen las tecnologias verdes que permitirá mitigar el cambio climático.

Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo examinó diversas dimensiones (ambiental, económica, social, técnica, política y conocimiento sobre tecnologías verdes) en una muestra no probabilística de 23 estudiantes de segundo semestre de la carrera de Ingeniería Agroindustrial en una universidad estatal.

Resultados y Discusión: revelaron que en la dimensión ambiental, el 60.9% mostró un nivel medio de conciencia, mientras que el 47.8% tuvo una percepción económica intermedia.

Implicaciones de la investigación: Se señala que la temperatura global elevada genera derretimiento de glaciares, la agricultura intensiva y la ganadería provocan metano, mientras que la dependencia de recursos de energía no renovables y la inadecuada gestión de residuos sólidos liberan contaminantes

Originalidad/Valor: Las prácticas inadecuadas de uso del suelo y el crecimiento poblacional aumentan la presión sobre los recursos naturales, agravando la degradación ambiental.

Palabras clave: Tecnologías Verdes, Cambio Climático, Conciencia Ambiental.

1 INTRODUCTION

(Prado et al., 2024; Romeo Sánchez, 2024; Villamizar-Lamus, 2024) state that climate change has a series of serious and multifaceted effects that affect both the environment and human societies. The high planetary temperature causes the melting of glaciers and ice sheets , which contributes to high sea levels and puts coastal populations and islands at risk. It increases the regularity and severity of climatic phenomena: droughts, hurricanes, heat waves and floods, which generate natural disasters and significant economic losses. In ecologies, climate change leads to the loss of biodiversity by altering habitats and endangering beings that do not adapt quickly to new conditions, affecting the stability of ecosystems and reducing genetic diversity. Changes in rainfall patterns also occur , affecting agriculture and putting the food security of all individuals at risk. Finally, it puts social inequalities on alert and affects economic development , since the most vulnerable populations have fewer resources to adapt or recover from its effects, becoming a critical challenge for humanity in terms of sustainability and social justice.

(Álvarez-García & Gutiérrez-Manjón, 2024; Cuevas-Reyes et al., 2024; Domingo et al., 2023; Lee et al., 2024; Pérez-García & Méndez-Méndez, 2024) In addition, climate change is a complicated oddity that arises from a mix of natural factors and, to a large extent, from human actions. The diffusion of greenhouse gases , these gases increase in the atmosphere and trap heat, contributing to global warming. In addition, the use of coal in various regions and the increase in industrial production have exacerbated this problem, altering weather patterns and intensifying global warming. Deforestation, trees and plants function as carbon sinks; their elimination not only releases stored carbon, it also reduces future CO2 absorption. This phenomenon is a crucial factor in climate change, since the felling of trees for agriculture, urban expansion. Intensive agriculture , excessive use of fertilizers and poor waste management contribute to these emissions, making agriculture and livestock farming important sources of GHG. In particular, livestock farming releases large amounts of methane, which is 25 times more effective than CO2 in concentrating heat in the atmosphere over a century. The application of nitrogen fertilizers increases the emission of nitrous oxide. Monoculture and excessive use of pesticides also aggravate soil degradation, reducing its capacity to store carbon and accentuating climate change. The relationship of non-renewable energy sources , such as coal and oil. This dependence is a cause of climate change, during their extraction, processing and use, especially in sectors such as electricity production, transport and heating. To combat climate change, it is crucial to make a transition to renewable energy. However, the lack of adequate infrastructure and policies can hinder this necessary change. Industrialization , particularly in sectors such as chemical and cement production, has increased considerably. This industrial growth, which has increased the production of goods and services, is especially carbon-intensive in industries such as chemicals, cement and steel. In addition, increasing consumer demand in emerging economies further intensifies industrial production, exacerbating the problem. The decay of organic waste, inadequate waste management and increased waste production contribute to climate change by releasing large amounts of methane under anaerobic conditions. In addition, the lack of recycling and composting worsens the situation, as materials that could be reused or decomposed in a more sustainable way end up in landfills. Inadequate land use practices alter natural ecosystems, reducing their capacity to regulate the climate and store carbon. Excessive urban expansion and extensive agriculture can modify ecosystems and compromise the planet's ability to maintain climate balance. Global population growth leads to greater consumption of resources, energy and food, which increases GHG emissions. The need for production and consumption also increases, putting pressure on ecosystems and infrastructure. This phenomenon, coupled with increasing urbanisation and the expansion of cities, contributes to rising emissions and environmental degradation. Changes in consumption patterns , influenced by lifestyles that prioritise unsustainable products and high-carbon technologies, are key factors in climate change. Furthermore, the preference for disposable and single-use products increases the proliferation of waste and puts pressure on natural resources, aggravating the problem of climate change. Promoting responsible and sustainable consumption is essential to mitigate this impact.

2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 GREEN TECHNOLOGIES

The main characteristics include: (Andrés et al., 2023; Salas Canales, 2020; Salles et al., 2016) :

Sustainability : Green technologies promote responsible use of resources, encouraging practices that respect natural cycles and reduce ecosystem depletion. This comprehensive approach not only benefits the environment, but also promotes social and economic well-being, establishing a more just and equitable development model.

Energy Efficiency : These technologies aim to optimize energy use, using fewer resources to carry out the same tasks. This includes the adoption of appliances, lighting systems and industrial processes that require less energy. Energy efficiency is oriented towards the ability to perform the same functions or tasks with lower energy consumption. Green technologies promote devices and systems that maximize energy production and minimize waste. This translates into a significant economic benefit for users and companies, while contributing to the reduction of energy demand.

Use of Renewable Resources : Green technologies promote the use of renewable energy sources. Renewable energies are inexhaustible and have a lower environmental impact. This transition to renewable resources not only contributes to the reduction of carbon emissions, but also promotes energy independence and economic resilience.

Waste Minimization : They seek to reduce waste generation through practices such as recycling, reuse and the circular economy. They focus on designing products that are more durable and easier to recycle. Waste reduction is an essential principle in green technologies, which promotes effective management and waste minimization. This approach includes recycling, reuse and the creation of products that are more resistant and generate less waste. The circular economy, which aims to close the life cycle of products and materials, is a fundamental strategy in this area.

Pollutant Reduction : These technologies are designed to reduce air pollution. This can be achieved by implementing cleaner industrial processes. This can include improved carbon capture technologies, wastewater treatment systems, and alternatives to toxic chemicals in industry. By reducing the pollutant load, they protect biodiversity and ecosystems. Pollutant reduction is crucial for public health and long-term environmental sustainability.

Innovation and Development : Green technologies are the product of research and improvement in disciplines such as engineering, environmental science, and biotechnology. These technologies drive innovation in the generation of new products and more sustainable processes. Innovation is an essential component of green technologies, which originate from research and development in fields such as engineering, biotechnology, and environmental science. This innovative process not only generates technological solutions to address environmental problems, but also promotes economic competitiveness and job creation in emerging sectors. Fostering research and sustainable development is crucial to moving towards a greener future and facilitating the transition to low-carbon economies.

Adaptability : They are designed to be flexible and adaptable to different local contexts and needs, considering the cultural, economic and environmental specificities of each region. Green technologies are designed to be flexible and adaptable to diverse local conditions and contexts. This adaptability allows solutions to be relevant and effective in different environments, considering cultural, social and economic factors. For example, solar energy implementation can vary in its design and application depending on the specific needs of a community. By promoting customized approaches, green technologies achieve greater acceptance and effectiveness in solving environmental problems, contributing to local sustainability and community empowerment.

Contribution to Economic Development : Green technologies can drive sustainable economic growth, create jobs in emerging sectors and increase the competitiveness of organizations that implement sustainable practices. These technologies not only benefit the environment, but also have the potential to foster sustainable economic development.

Investment in green technologies can catalyze economic growth, create a more sustainable business environment and boost the economic resilience of populations.

Focus on Education and Environmental Awareness : They involve promoting education and awareness about sustainable exercises, which helps create a culture of environmental responsibility in society. Green technologies are intrinsically linked to education and awareness about sustainability. They promote training and environmental awareness, which helps create a culture of ecological responsibility in society. Through educational programs, workshops and awareness campaigns, knowledge about sustainable practices is fostered. This educational approach is crucial to empower people to adopt more sustainable behaviors.

Systems Integration : They tend to work best when integrated into a broader system that includes social, economic and environmental aspects, promoting a holistic approach to sustainability. Green technologies tend to work best when integrated into a broader system that considers not only technical aspects, but also social, economic and environmental aspects. This systemic approach allows problems to be addressed more holistically , identifying the interconnections between different components and ensuring that solutions are sustainable over time.

3 METHODOLOGY

This study used a descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative design, aimed at examining the perceptions and knowledge of various dimensions in second-cycle students of Agroindustrial Engineering at a state university. Medina et al. (2023) The cross-sectional design, on the other hand, involves collecting data at a single point in time, which is suitable for exploring the characteristics of a specific population without manipulating variables.

The study population consisted of all students enrolled in the second semester selected. For data collection, a non-probabilistic sample of 23 participants was chosen, who were chosen by convenience. This decision made it possible to focus on a homogeneous group, ensuring that all students had a similar academic level, since they were all in the same semester. Hadi et al. (2023) This homogeneity is essential, as it minimizes variations that could influence perceptions and knowledge about the dimensions studied.

A questionnaire was used, which consisted of closed questions related to the dimensions of interest: environmental, economic, social, technical, political, and knowledge about green technologies. Valle et al. (2022) This instrument was specifically designed to obtain relevant information. Closed questions allow for precise and quantifiable answers, facilitating subsequent data analysis. In addition, the variables are clearly categorized and presented in tables, where the frequency and percentage of responses are shown, which contributes to an effective visualization of the results.

The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics methods. Absolute and percentage frequencies were calculated for each variable, providing a detailed look at the participants' responses. The results are displayed in tables and figures, making them easier to interpret and understand. This analytical approach not only helps to identify the distribution of perceptions and knowledge among students, but also allows to highlight the areas that require attention or intervention.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The findings for each of the dimensions studied are detailed below.

Table 1 reflects the levels of the Environmental Dimension among the 23 participants, with a predominance of the intermediate level, which comprises 60.9% of the sample (14 students). This shows that a majority of the students have an environmental awareness or practice at an intermediate level. 30.4% are at a high level (7 students), which indicates a significant proportion that demonstrates a more advanced environmental commitment. On the other hand, 8.7% of the participants (2 students) are at a low level, showing less interest or knowledge in this dimension. These accumulated data reveal that, although there is a solid base at the intermediate level, there is still an opportunity to strengthen environmental commitment in a greater proportion of students, especially in the low-level segment.

Table 2 on the Economic Dimension shows that the 23 students have a varied distribution in terms of their level of economic perception or management. The medium level predominates, covering 47.8% of the participants (11 students), indicating a general tendency towards an intermediate understanding in this dimension. However, 30.4% are at the low level (7 students), suggesting that a considerable proportion may need reinforcement in economic knowledge. At more advanced levels, 13.0% (3 students) reach the high level and 8.7% (2 students) the very high level, reflecting that only a small part shows advanced economic knowledge or perception. This variability suggests opportunities for educational intervention to level and improve economic understanding in the group.

Table 3 on the Social Dimension reveals an equal distribution between the low and medium levels, with 39.1% of students in each category (9 students respectively), which shows that several participants are at a basic or intermediate level of social development. Only 13.0% reach the high level (3 students) and 8.7% reach the very high level (2 students), reflecting that a minority has advanced social skills. These data suggest that there is a considerable need to strengthen social skills in this group, as more than 78% are at the low and medium levels. This profile indicates the opportunity to implement programs or activities to improve social skills and promote more effective social interaction among students.

Table 4 of the Technical Dimension shows that the majority of the 23 students are at low (39.1%, with 9 students) and medium (34.8%, with 8 students) levels in terms of technical skills, indicating limited technical competence in the group. Only 17.4% reach the high level (4 students), and 8.7% are at the very high level (2 students), suggesting that few students demonstrate advanced technical proficiency. This general profile shows a need to strengthen technical capabilities among the participants, as more than 70% are at low and intermediate levels. This result highlights the importance of implementing technical training strategies to improve the performance and technological skills of the group.

Table 5 on the Political Dimension shows a higher concentration of students at the low and medium levels, with 39.1% (9 students) and 30.4% (7 students), respectively, indicating that the majority have limited political knowledge or interest. 21.7% of students (5) reach the high level, and only 8.7% (2 students) are at the very high level, which shows a minority with greater political awareness or participation. This distribution suggests that a significant part of the group could benefit from interventions that foster understanding and engagement in political issues, necessary for active and informed citizenship. The concentration at the lowest levels highlights the opportunity to strengthen political development in students, promoting greater participation and understanding of their political and social environment.

Table 8 on the Variable Knowledge of Green Technologies indicates that the majority of students (60.9%, or 14 participants ) have intermediate knowledge in this area, while 17.4% (4 students) have high knowledge and only 8.7% (2 students) have a very high level. 13.0% (3 students) have low knowledge, suggesting that although the majority has an intermediate base in green technologies, the advanced level is reached by only a minority. This distribution highlights the need to strengthen knowledge in green technologies, since this knowledge is essential to face current environmental challenges. Increasing the proportion of students at high and very high levels could significantly contribute to sustainability and environmental responsibility within the student community.

The analysis of the dimensions evaluated in the study highlights the urgent need to implement educational strategies focused on knowledge about green technologies, given that 60.9% of students are at an intermediate level and only 26.1% reach high and very high levels in this area. This suggests a significant gap in the understanding and application of sustainable practices among future agroindustrial engineers. The increasing proximity of natural resources and climate change make mastery of green technologies essential to promote sustainable development. Investment in the training of specific skills in this area would not only benefit students by improving their professional profile, but would also contribute to fostering a culture of environmental responsibility in the academic community. In addition, strengthening knowledge in green technologies can result in a positive impact on the adoption of innovative solutions that address current environmental challenges, thus driving a transition towards a production model as a whole.

(Jabbour, 2010; Lunardi et al., 2014; Matos, 2011; Mazzucato, 2014; Souza et al., 2012; Zielinski et al., 2012) Green technologies encompass a wide variety of approaches and solutions designed to address environmental problems and promote sustainability. Here are some prominent types of green technologies:

Renewable Energy: This includes technologies that produce energy from renewable sources. They focus on producing energy from natural resources that are constantly being renewed. This includes solar energy, which uses photovoltaic panels to capture the sun's radiation.

Energy Efficiency: Refers to technologies that optimize energy use in buildings. Examples of this are LED lighting systems. Energy efficiency involves the adoption of technologies and methods that maximize energy use without compromising performance. Improvements in insulation for more efficient buildings, as well as the use of smart technologies to manage energy consumption are key to reducing overall energy consumption and, therefore, the carbon footprint.

Carbon Capture Technologies: These technologies focus on capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by industries and energy generation by using it in production processes. These technologies are designed to intercept CO2 long before it is released into the atmosphere. Once captured, the CO2 can be transported and stored in deep geological formations or used in various industrial applications.

Wastewater Treatment : Involves technologies that purify wastewater so that it can be reused or reduce the environmental impact of its disposal. Examples include biological treatment systems and membrane technologies. Wastewater treatment involves processes that purify contaminated water so that it can be reused or released into the environment without causing harm. Treatment technologies include biological methods, such as biological membrane reactors, which use microorganisms to break down organic matter, and activated sludge treatment systems, which oxygenate the water to encourage the growth of bacteria that remove contaminants. Water purification not only protects aquatic ecosystems, but also provides reusable water for irrigation, industrial processes, or even potable water.

Sustainable Mobility: This includes technologies that promote the use of less polluting transportation options, such as electric vehicles, bicycles, and efficient public transportation programs. These technologies are designed to minimize the environmental impact of transportation. This includes the promotion of electric vehicles. The use of bicycles and more efficient public transportation is also encouraged. Urban planning that incorporates pedestrian spaces, bicycle lanes, and mass transit systems is essential to reduce car dependency.

Sustainable Construction: Refers to the use of materials and construction methods that reduce environmental impact, including low-energy buildings, use of recycled materials, and bioclimatic design approaches. In addition, certification systems, such as LEED, promote the development of buildings that meet sustainability criteria. Sustainable construction not only reduces emissions generated during construction and operation, but also contributes to creating healthy environments for its occupants.

Sustainable Agriculture: Refers to a set of practices and technologies that increase agricultural production while minimizing negative impacts on the environment, including conservation agriculture, agroecology, and the use of biofertilizers. This form of agriculture promotes methods that increase production without harming the environment. For example, conservation agriculture focuses on reducing soil tillage and implementing cover crops to improve soil health, as well as using biofertilizers and biopesticides that reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals. Agroecology, which applies ecological principles to agricultural production, is also essential for developing resilient and sustainable food systems. Sustainable agriculture is essential for ensuring food security.

Recycling Technologies: These include processes and systems that facilitate the collection, separation and recycling of materials. This includes the use of advanced machinery to sort and process plastics, paper, glass and metals, as well as innovations such as chemical recycling, which breaks down plastics into their original monomers.

Waste Management Systems : Waste management involves planning and implementing processes to collect, transport, treat and dispose of waste sustainably. This includes implementing selective collection systems that separate recyclable waste from organic and non-recyclable waste, as well as promoting waste reduction at source. Composting and anaerobic digestion technologies are examples of methods that convert organic waste into compost or biogas, promoting a circular economy. Efficient waste management minimizes environmental impact and improves public health.

Environmental Monitoring Technologies: These focus on the use of sensors, drones and analysis software to monitor. Real-time monitoring systems facilitate decision-making and detect environmental problems early. This is essential for effective environmental management, as it provides crucial information to address challenges such as pollution.

Biotechnology : Applies biological principles to develop solutions that reduce environmental impact, such as microorganisms for soil bioremediation or the use of genetically modified crops to improve pest resistance. Green biotechnology applies biological principles to develop sustainable solutions that address environmental problems. This includes the use of microorganisms for the bioremediation of damaged soil, where bacteria or fungi are used to break down contaminants.

Desalination : Involves technologies that convert saline water into fresh water, using methods such as reverse osmosis, which is especially useful in water-scarce regions. Desalination is the process of converting saline water , such as seawater, into usable fresh water. This is achieved through technologies such as reverse osmosis, where water is forced through membranes that filter out the salt. Although a valuable solution for water-scarce regions, desalination can be expensive and energy-intensive, so efforts are being made to increase efficiency and reduce its environmental impact. Desalination can be crucial to producing potable water in areas vulnerable to climate change and drought.

5 CONCLUSION

The study highlights the urgent need to implement educational strategies focused on green technologies, given that 60.9% of students have an intermediate level of knowledge and only 26.1% reach high levels. This situation reveals a deficiency in the understanding of sustainable practices among future agroindustrial engineers, who are crucial to addressing environmental problems. In the face of the growing challenge of climate change, mastering green technologies is essential. Strengthening knowledge in this area would not only improve the professional profile of students, but would also foster a culture of environmental responsibility and facilitate the adoption of innovative solutions to address current challenges.

Green technologies encompass a range of solutions aimed at addressing environmental problems and promoting sustainability, such as renewable energy, which reduces the use of fossil fuels; energy efficiency, which optimizes energy use through technologies such as LED lighting and efficient appliances; carbon capture and storage, which intercepts industrial CO2; wastewater treatment, which purifies contaminated water for reuse; sustainable mobility, which promotes the use of cleaner transportation; sustainable construction, which uses materials and methods that reduce environmental impact; sustainable agriculture, which improves agricultural production by reducing its impact; recycling technologies, which facilitate the collection and processing of recyclable materials; waste management systems, which optimize the collection and treatment of solid waste; environmental monitoring, which uses sensors and drones to manage environmental quality; biotechnology, which applies biological principles for sustainable solutions; and desalination, which converts saline water into fresh water, crucial in water-scarce regions. These technologies are essential to achieve sustainable development and mitigate environmental impact.

References

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