ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective was to investigate different doses of hormone in the spray drier formulation for seed treatment in the bean crop, conducted in the Midwest region. The crop planted was the bean cultivar BRS STILO.
Theoretical Framework: Corn is one of the most important food and energy crops, not only in Brazil, of course, but throughout the world. The new paradigm of agricultural management, including amino acids, micronutrients and beneficial fungi and bacteria, is gaining more and more attention with the need to develop sustainable, yet more productive agriculture. Such practices involve not only correction, but also soil nutrition, together with the strengthening of plant metabolism to increase production efficiency and reduce dependence on chemical inputs.
Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a field research of a scientific nature, with a quantitative approach.
Results and Discussion: The product used in the spray drier formulation met the needs of the bean crop for the BRS STILO cultivar in all its tested variables, improving crop development in several aspects, mainly in productivity.
Research Implications: The practical implications of this research are discussed, providing practical parameters for how the results can be applied in the field with returns to the rural producer.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to the academic environment by highlighting the originality of the research, whether through an innovative approach, new methodologies and/or practical use. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by the need for more research in this area with sustainable practices.
Keywords: Spray Drier, Phaseolus vulgaris L, Agroecological Cultivation, Productivity.
RESUMO
Objetivo: O objetivo foi investigar doses diferentes de hormônio na formulação spray drier no tratamento de semente na cultura do feijoeiro, conduzido na região do Centro Oeste. A cultura implantada foi o feijão, cultivar BRS STILO.
Referencial Teórico: O milho é um dos alimentos e culturas energéticas mais importantes, não só no Brasil, é claro, mas em todo o mundo. O novo paradigma de gestão agrícola, incluindo aminoácidos, micronutrientes e fungos e bactérias benéficas, ganha cada vez mais atenção com a necessidade de desenvolver uma agricultura sustentável, porém mais produtiva. Tais práticas envolvem não apenas correção, mas nutrição em solos, juntamente com o fortalecimento do metabolismo vegetal para aumentar a eficiência da produção e reduzir a dependência de insumos químicos.
Método: A metodologia adotada para esta pesquisa compreende em uma pesquisa à campo é de cunho cientifica, com abordagem quantitativa.
Resultados e Discussão: O produto utilizado na formulação spray drier atendeu as necessidades da cultura do feijoeiro para cultivar BRS STILO em todas as suas variáveis testadas melhorando o desenvolvimento da cultura em diversos aspectos, principalmente na produtividade.
Implicações da Pesquisa: As implicações práticas desta pesquisa são discutidas, fornecendo parâmetros práticos de como os resultados podem ser aplicados a campo com retorno ao produtor rural.
Originalidade/Valor: Este estudo acrescenta ao ambiente acadêmico ao indicar sua originalidade, por meio de novas abordagens, metodologias e/ou utilidade. O que tornaria esta pesquisa relevante e valiosa é uma justificativa para que mais estudos sejam prolongados nesta área, com práticas sustentáveis.
Palavras-chave: Spray Drier, Phaseolus vulgaris L, Cultivo agroecológico, Produtividade.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: El objetivo fue investigar diferentes dosis de hormona en la formulación secadora por aspersión para el tratamiento de semillas en el cultivo de frijol, realizado en la región del Medio Oeste. El cultivo plantado fue el cultivar de frijol BRS STILO.
Marco teórico: El maíz es uno de los cultivos alimentarios y energéticos más importantes, no solo en Brasil, por supuesto, sino en todo el mundo. El nuevo paradigma de la gestión agrícola, incluidos los aminoácidos, los micronutrientes y los hongos y bacterias beneficiosos, está recibiendo cada vez más atención con la necesidad de desarrollar una agricultura sostenible, pero más productiva. Esas prácticas no sólo entrañan la corrección, sino también la nutrición del suelo, junto con el fortalecimiento del metabolismo de las plantas para aumentar la eficiencia de la producción y reducir la dependencia de los insumos químicos.
Método: La metodología adoptada para esta investigación comprende una investigación de campo de carácter científico, con un enfoque cuantitativo.
Resultados y Discusión: El producto utilizado en la formulación de secadora de pulverización satisfizo las necesidades del cultivo de frijol para el cultivar BRS STILO en todas sus variables probadas, mejorando el desarrollo del cultivo en varios aspectos, principalmente en la productividad.
Implicaciones de la investigación: Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas de esta investigación, aportando parámetros prácticos de cómo los resultados pueden ser aplicados en el campo con retornos al productor rural.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio contribuye al entorno académico al destacar la originalidad de la investigación, ya sea a través de un enfoque innovador, nuevas metodologías y/o uso práctico. La relevancia y el valor de esta investigación se evidencian en la necesidad de más investigación en esta área con prácticas sostenibles.
Palabras clave: Secador por Aspersión, Phaseolus vulgaris L, Cultivo Agroecológico, Productividad.
1 INTRODUCTION
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major source of protein and nutrients for human consumption in many regions of the world. Its economic and nutritional importance makes it a staple food for millions of people, especially in developing countries. However, challenges such as pests, pathogens, environmental stresses, and nutritional limitations continue to threaten the production and quality of common beans. In this context, agricultural research has sought innovative approaches to optimize common bean performance, and the use of plant hormones has emerged as a promising field of study.
Plant hormones are endogenous chemical substances that play a crucial role in regulating plant growth, development and responses to environmental stimuli. Among these hormones, indoleacetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) have been the subject of research due to their potential applications in common bean crops. These hormones can affect several facets of the plant life cycle, from rooting and nutrient uptake to defense responses against pests and pathogens.
Indoleacetic acid (IAA), one of the main plant auxins, plays a crucial role in root development and in promoting shoot growth. Studies, such as those by Santos et al. (2016), have shown that the application of IAA can stimulate root growth in common bean plants, thus improving the uptake of essential nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Furthermore, the interaction between hormones, such as IAA and ABA, has been shown to influence plant resistance to abiotic stresses, such as drought (Kaur et al., 2019).
Abscisic acid (ABA) is known for its role in regulating plant responses to water stress. Recent research, such as that by Khan et al. (2018), has highlighted the importance of ABA in improving water use efficiency in common bean plants, making them more resilient to drought conditions. This suggests that modulating ABA levels may be an effective strategy to address the challenges posed by water stress in common bean production.
In addition to the benefits in development and stress resistance, plant hormones also play an essential role in the defense responses of common bean plants against pathogens and pests. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) have been identified as key regulators of these defense responses. Studies such as those by Fernandes et al. (2021) show that the application of SA can increase the content of antioxidant compounds in bean grains, thus improving nutritional quality and potentially resistance to pathogens. On the other hand, JA has been associated with resistance to herbivorous insects, such as the fall armyworm (Zhang et al., 2019).
As food demand continues to grow, it is critical to find ways to sustainably increase the productivity and quality of bean crops. Studying the effects of plant hormones on bean crops represents an opportunity to improve crop production, reduce losses caused by pests and pathogens, and promote more efficient and environmentally friendly agriculture.
However, common bean plants often face a variety of challenges, including pest infestations that can cause significant damage to yields. Pests pose a constant threat to the quality and quantity of bean grains produced, and agricultural research is seeking innovative approaches to control these problems. Among emerging strategies, plant hormones have received considerable attention due to their potential to improve common bean resistance to pests.
Plant hormones play a key role in regulating plant growth and development, but they also have the ability to modulate plant responses to pests and pathogens. Among these hormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) stand out for their participation in common bean defense responses. SA has been associated with resistance to pathogens, while JA plays a crucial role in resistance to herbivorous insects (Zhang et al., 2019). These hormones can be applied exogenously to induce defense responses in common bean plants against pests.
Studies have shown that the application of SA can induce the synthesis of antioxidant compounds and defense proteins in bean plants, making them less attractive and more resistant to pathogens (Fernandes et al., 2021). Likewise, JA has been associated with the activation of defense responses, such as toxin production and signaling resistance to herbivorous insects (Zhang et al., 2019). These findings suggest that manipulating SA and JA levels may represent an effective strategy to reduce the impact of pests on bean production.
However, it is important to emphasize that the application of plant hormones to protect against pests in agricultural crops is still in the research and development phase. Further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms, efficacy in different agricultural scenarios, and potential environmental impacts. Furthermore, it is essential to consider integrated approaches that combine the use of plant hormones with other pest management practices to achieve more effective and sustainable results.
However, bean production often faces significant threats from pathogens that can cause substantial crop damage and reduce grain quality. These infections by pathogens, such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses, pose a constant challenge to farmers worldwide. To address this threat, agricultural research has explored the use of plant hormones as a promising strategy to improve bean resistance to pathogens.
Plant hormones play a key role in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to biotic stresses, such as pathogen infections. Among these hormones, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) have been identified as key players in the common bean defense response. SA, for example, is known for its role in activating resistance responses to pathogens, inducing the synthesis of defense proteins and the production of antimicrobial compounds (Fernandes et al., 2021).
On the other hand, JA is associated with resistance to insect herbivores and some pathogens (Zhang et al., 2019). Exogenous application of JA can induce bean plants to produce toxins and activate defense mechanisms that make the crop less susceptible to pathogen attacks. These findings suggest that manipulating SA and JA levels may represent a promising approach to strengthen bean resistance against pathogens.
These environmental challenges pose a constant threat to the productivity and quality of bean grains, making it crucial to seek innovative management strategies. In this context, plant hormones emerge as a promising tool to improve the resistance of common beans to environmental stresses.
Plant hormones play a central role in regulating plant responses to adverse conditions. Among these hormones, abscisic acid (ABA) has been identified as a key regulator of the drought stress response, helping plants conserve water and minimize drought damage. Studies such as those by Khan et al. (2018) highlight that the application of ABA can improve the water use efficiency of common bean plants, making them more resistant to drought.
Furthermore, indoleacetic acid (IAA), one of the major plant auxins, plays a crucial role in plant response to abiotic stress. Recent research, such as that by Kaur et al. (2019), suggests that IAA application can improve common bean performance under drought conditions by stimulating root growth and improving water and nutrient uptake.
Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) have been associated with resistance to pathogens and insect herbivores (Zhang et al., 2019). Understanding the complex interactions between plant hormones and environmental stresses is crucial to develop integrated management strategies that improve common bean adaptability and resilience.
This study aimed to investigate different doses of hormone in the spray drier formulation in seed treatment in bean crops, conducted in the Central West region.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted in the 2020 agricultural year, Sitio Eldorado, Municipality of Rio Verde, state of Goiás. The location has approximate geographic coordinates of 17°44'35" S latitude and 50°51'0"W longitude and an altitude of 694 т.
According to the Kóppen classification (2013), the region's climate type is Aw, humid tropical, with rainy summers and dry winters. The average annual precipitation is 2120 mm, the average annual temperature is 26°C and the average relative humidity is 68%, as shown in (Figure 1).
The crop planted was the common bean, cultivar BRS STILO. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, replicated four times, with a single treatment factor "plant hormone", totaling 7 levels, as follows: T1: 0.0 Mg ha-1 (negative control); T2: 0.5 g kg seeds1; T3: 1 g kg seeds -1; T4: 2 g kg seeds -1; T5: 4 g kg seeds -1; T6: 8 g kg seeds -1; T7: 16 g kg seeds -1 of the plant hormone used.
The experimental plot consisted of four eight-meter-long rows and the useful area of the plot was two six-meter rows with a spacing of 0.50 meters between rows and a spacing of 2.0 meters between blocks. Seed treatment was performed before planting and the fertilizer used was distributed on the surface before planting the crop, without incorporation.
Population evaluations were performed 30 days after germination (DAG), biometric studies (aerial part) were carried out at phenological stage R8 (fully developed pods) and productivity in kilograms per hectare at phenological stage R9 (95% of pods with mature color) and the agronomic biometric characteristics of the plants were surveyed outside the experimental plot.
Plant population evaluation performed 30 (DAG). The biostatistical variables were AP: Plant height; DA: Stem diameter; MFPCA (g): Fresh mass of the entire plant contained in the area (10 plants); NFPP (g): Number of leaves per plant (trifolia), MFPAP: Fresh mass of the aerial part per plant; MFSRP: Fresh mass of the plant root system, MSPAP: Dry mass of the aerial part per plant; MSSRP: Dry mass of the plant root system, PMG: Weight of a thousand grains; P Kg ha-1: Productivity in kilograms per hectare.
The data were analyzed through the SISVAR program proposed by Ferreira (2019), ANOVA was performed and the mean value was performed through Tukey's inspection, and the significance of ANOVA, P = 0.05 was used for a relatively average.
The site where the experiment was carried out consists of a red Argisol with a clayey texture in accordance with EMBRAPA - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, "Brazilian Soil Classification System" (EMBRAPA, 2013), this area was occupied spray-dried for several years with annual crops.
Soil properties were assessed prior to implementation of the research project to understand the chemical characteristics of the experimental area. Determine the chemical characteristics of soil, pH, CA+MG, CA, MG, AL, H+AL, К, P, $, В, CU, FE, MN, ZN in CTC from zero to 0.20 meter layers, 0.0 to 0.20 meter depth including alkaline saturation, organic matter, clay, silt and sand, Follow the method proposed by Raij et al. (2001). The analysis was carried out in the exact laboratory (Jatai) of soil fertility and Table 1.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
We can see in (Table 2), for technological variables, plant height in the bean crop, cultivar BRS STILO, there was a significant difference between the treatments tested in the three measured times 30, 60 and 90 DAP, and at 30 DAP (days after planting), the best plant height was obtained in treatment TS with the spray drier formulation, with an average height of 25.93 centimeters, and the lowest plant height was found in treatment T1, absolute control "zero dose" with an average of 16.60 centimeters of plant height. And at 60 DAP, the best result was found in treatment T3 with an average of 35.93 centimeters and the lowest value in plant height in this measurement was found in treatment T7, with an average of 27.13 centimeters of plant height. For 90 DAP, we observed the best result in the T6 treatment with an average of 58.00 centimeters and the lowest average was found in the T2 treatment with the following average 41.60 centimeters. In work carried out by Almeida Junior, et al., (2024), in the technological variable plant height, it was not possible to verify a significant difference between the treatments used, a similar result was found in this work.
In (Table 2) we can observe the technological variables, stem diameter in the bean crop, cultivar BRS STILO, a significant difference occurred only at 60 DAP, among the treatments tested in the three measured times 30, 60 and 90 DAP, the largest stem diameter was found in treatment T5 with an average of 4.20 centimeters of stem diameter, the lowest average found for this measured time, was found in treatment T1 absolute control "zero dose", with an average of 2.73 centimeters. In a work carried out by Almeida Júnior, et al., (2024), in the technological variable plant height, it was not possible to verify a significant difference between the treatments used, a similar result was found in this work.
When viewing (Table 3), we can observe the technological variables, fresh mass of the entire plant contained in this area in the bean crop, cultivar BRS STILO, there was a significant difference between the treatments tested at all times measured 30, 60 and 90 DAP, for measurement at 30 DAP of the treatments tested, we can also observe that the best treatment was found in treatment T3 with an average of 221.33 grams of fresh mass of the entire plant contained in this area, and the lowest average was found in treatment T1 absolute control "zero dose", with an average of 92.66 grams. We can visualize for 60 DAP where we found the highest average fresh mass of the entire plant contained in this area was found in treatment TS With an average of 398.00, and the treatment that added the lowest number of fresh mass of the entire plant contained in this area was found in treatment T2 with an average of 220.66 grams, and in this same period the lowest average was found in treatment T1 absolute control "zero dose", with an average of 368.50 grams in the fresh mass of the entire plant contained in this area. In work carried out by Almeida Júnior, et al., (2024), a result was found that corroborates the result obtained in this research.
Continuing in (Table 3), we can note the measurements for the number of leaves per plant, which in the three measured periods 30, 60 and 90 DAP, a significant difference was found in the periods 30 and 60 DAP between the treatments, with the best treatment at 30 DAP being found in treatment T6 with an average of 20.53 in number of leaves per plant and the treatment with the lowest average being found in treatment T4 with an average of 14.13 trifoliates per plant. We can defer to 60 DAP where we found the highest number of leaves per plant was found in treatment T6 with an average of 63.66 leaves (trifoliates) per plant, with the treatment that added the lowest number of leaves per plant being found in treatment T3 with an average of 34.86 leaves per plant. And for 90 DAP it was not possible to note a significant difference between the treatments tested. In work carried out by Almeida Junior, et al., (2024), a result was found that corroborates the result obtained in this research.
It can be seen from (Table 4) that for the technological variable fresh mass of the aerial part per plant, in grams, of the common bean crop, cultivar BRS STILO, measured at 30, 60 and 90 DAP, we can see that at 30, 60 and 90 DAP there were significant differences between the treatments, with the best treatment obtained at 30 DAP being found in treatment T3 with the spray drier formulation, and an average of 22.13 grams, and the treatment with the lowest weight in grams was found in treatment T1 absolute control "zero dose", with an average of 9.26 grams of fresh mass of the aerial part per plant. We can also see at 60 DAP that the best treatment in this measurement was found in treatment Т5 with an average of 39.86 grams, and the lowest average obtained is in treatment T2 with an average of 22.06 grams of fresh mass of the aerial part per plant. We can observe at 90 DAP that the best treatment in this measurement was found in treatment T7, with an average of 85.70 grams, and the lowest average obtained is in treatment T1 absolute control "zero dose", with an average of 36.85 grams of fresh mass of the aerial part per plant. In work carried out by Almeida Junior, et al., (2024), a result was found that corroborates the result obtained in this research.
It can be seen in (Table 4), for the technological variable fresh mass of the root system per plant, in grams, of the bean crop, cultivar BRS STILO, measured at 30, 60 and 90 DAP, only the measurement at 30 and 90 DAP obtained a significant difference between the treatments, with the best treatment at 30 DAP being the best average found in T7 with an average of 1.73 grams of fresh mass of the root system per plant and the treatment with the lowest fresh mass of the root system per plant was found in the T1 absolute control treatment "zero dose", with an average of 0.66 grams. And at 90 DAP, the best average was found in T7 with an average of 3.50 grams of fresh mass of the root system per plant and the treatment with the lowest fresh mass of the root system per plant was found in the T1 absolute control treatment "zero dose", with an average of 1.55 grams. In work carried out by Almeida Junior, et al., (2024), a result was found that corroborates the result obtained in this research.
Table 5 shows the technological variable dry mass of the aerial part per plant of the common bean crop, cultivar BRS STILO, which was measured at 30, 60, and 90 DAP. At 60 and 90 DAP, it was not possible to detect a significant difference between the treatments. However, at 30 DAP, it was possible to detect a significant difference between the treatments tested, where the best average between the treatments was found in T3, with an average of 3.86 grams, and the treatment with the lowest dry mass of the aerial part per plant was found in the TI absolute control treatment, "zero dose", with an average of 2.20 grams. At 60 and 90 DAP, it was not possible to find a significant difference between the treatments tested. In a study carried out by Almeida Junior, et al., (2024), a result was found that corroborates the result obtained in this research.
The technological variable dry mass of roots per plant of the common bean crop, cultivar BRS STILO, is recorded in Table 5, which was measured at 30, 60, and 90 DAP. At 60 and 90 DAP, it was not possible to detect a significant difference between the treatments. However, at 30 DAP, it was possible to detect a significant difference between the treatments tested, where the best average between the treatments was found in T6, with an average of 0.40 grams of dry mass of roots per plant, and the lowest average was found in treatment T1, with an average of 0.10 grams. And at 60 and 90 DAP, it was not possible to find a significant difference between the treatments tested. In a study carried out by Almeida Junior, et al., (2024), a result was found that corroborates the result obtained in this research.
It can be observed in (Table 6), in the technological variable weight of a thousand grains for the bean crop, cultivar BRS STILO, the treatments used did not promote a significant difference in the sampled weight. We can also note in the same table that for the technological variable productivity in kilograms per hectare, there was a significant difference between the treatments used, with the best treatments being found, T7 with an average of 3,750 kilograms per hectare, and the result with the lowest productivity was observed in the T1 treatment absolute control "zero dose", with an average of 1,500 kilograms per hectare. Almeida Junior, et al., (2024), carried out work with the variable weight of a thousand grains and it was possible to verify a significant difference between the treatments tested with the use of humic acid, fulvic acid, fungi, and bacteria, a result opposite to that obtained in this research. In research carried out by Almeida Junior, et al., (2024), it was possible to verify a significant difference between the treatments tested for the technological variable productivity in kilograms per hectare, which corroborates this research.
We can see in (Table 7) that the disease index for the bean crop in the BRS STILO cultivar, due to the seed treatments with plant hormone, obtained a satisfactory result due to the planting season (winter). None of the diseases detected in the crop cycle had high levels. The same can be seen for the pay index measured throughout the crop cycle.
4 CONCLUSION
The product used in the spray drier formulation met the needs of the bean crop for the BRS STILO cultivar in all its tested variables, improving the development of the crop in several aspects, mainly in productivity.
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Abstract
Objective: The objective was to investigate different doses of hormone in the spray drier formulation for seed treatment in the bean crop, conducted in the Midwest region. The crop planted was the bean cultivar BRS STILO. Theoretical Framework: Corn is one of the most important food and energy crops, not only in Brazil, of course, but throughout the world. The new paradigm of agricultural management, including amino acids, micronutrients and beneficial fungi and bacteria, is gaining more and more attention with the need to develop sustainable, yet more productive agriculture. Such practices involve not only correction, but also soil nutrition, together with the strengthening of plant metabolism to increase production efficiency and reduce dependence on chemical inputs. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a field research of a scientific nature, with a quantitative approach. Results and Discussion: The product used in the spray drier formulation met the needs of the bean crop for the BRS STILO cultivar in all its tested variables, improving crop development in several aspects, mainly in productivity. Research Implications: The practical implications of this research are discussed, providing practical parameters for how the results can be applied in the field with returns to the rural producer. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the academic environment by highlighting the originality of the research, whether through an innovative approach, new methodologies and/or practical use. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by the need for more research in this area with sustainable practices.