ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the effect of different substrates and the use of foliar fertilizer on the growth of M. guianensis seedlings in nursery conditions in order to indicate the ideal one for their development.
Method: Three types of substrate were used: 100% black soil (TP); 100% soil from the area where the species occurs (TO); 100% Vivatto® commercial substrate (CS). A 2x3 factorial experimental design was adopted. Finally, the parameters used to assess the growth of the seedlings were: height of the aerial part (H), diameter of the neck (DC) and number of leaves of each seedling (NF).
Results and conclusion: The results obtained showed significant differences in the characteristics of height and number of leaves in Mouriri guianensis seedlings, with the 100% Vivatto® commercial substrate treatment. There were no significant differences in the use of foliar fertilizer.
Implications of the research: The Mouriri guianensis species is extremely important as it provides food for fish and birds, has medicinal uses and is recommended for recovering degraded areas. It is therefore important to obtain information on its production, as well as to assess the quality of the seedlings in alternative substrates.
Originality/value: describe the study's contribution to the advancement of science in the field and/or socioenvironmental management practices in organizations, in line with the scope of the RGSA.
Keywords: Seedling Production, Species Native, Quality of seedling, Degraded Areas e Alternative Substrate.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de diferentes substratos e uso de fertilizante foliar no crescimento de mudas de M. guianensis em condições de viveiro a fim de indicar o ideal para seu desenvolvimento.
Método: Foram utilizados trés tipos de substratos: 100% terra preta (TP); 100% terra da area de ocorréncia da espécie (TO); 100% substrato comercial Vivatto® (CS). Foi adotado о delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial 2x3, por fim, os parámetros utilizados para avaliação do crescimento das mudas foram: altura da parte aérea (H), diámetro do colo (DC) e número de folhas de cada muda (NF).
Resultados e conclusão: Através dos resultados obtidos foi possível observar diferenças significativas para as características de altura e número de folhas nas plántulas de Mouriri guianensis, com o tratamento 100% substrato comercial Vivatto®. Em relação ao uso de fertilizante foliar não houve diferença significativa.
Implicações da pesquisa: A espécie Mouriri guianensis, é de suma importância, pois seve de alimento para peixes e aves, possui uso medicinal e é recomendada para recuperação de áreas degradadas, e devido a este fato é importante obter informações sobre sua produção, bem como avaliar a qualidade das mudas em substratos alternativos.
Originalidade/valor: O conhecimento adquirido nesta pesquisa oferece informações importantes sobre о melho substrato a ser utilizando no desenvolvimento de Mouriri guianensis, para obter mudas de qualidades.
Palavras-chave: Producio de Mudas, Espécie Nativa, Qualidade de Muda, Áreas Degradadas e Substrato Alternativo.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de diferentes sustratos y el uso de fertilizante foliar sobre el crecimiento de plántulas de M. guianensis en condiciones de vivero, con el fin de indicar cuál es el ideal para su desarrollo.
Método: Se utilizaron tres tipos de sustrato: 100% tierra negra (TP); 100% de suelo de la zona donde se encuentra la especie (TO); Sustrato comercial (CS) 100% Vivatto®. Se adoptó un diseño experimental factorial 2x3. Finalmente, los parámetros utilizados para evaluar el crecimiento de las plántulas fueron: altura de la parte aérea (H), diámetro del cuello (DC) y número de hojas de cada plántula (NF).
Resultados y conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos mostraron diferencias significativas en las características de altura y número de hojas en plántulas de Mouriri guianensis, con el tratamiento de sustrato comercial Vivatto® 100%. No hubo diferencias significativas en el uso de fertilizante foliar.
Implicaciones de la investigación: La especie Mouriri guianensis es extremadamente importante ya que proporciona alimento para peces y aves, tiene usos medicinales y se recomienda para recuperar áreas degradadas. Por lo tanto, es importante obtener información sobre su producción, así como evaluar la calidad de las plántulas en sustratos alternativos.
Originalidad/valor: describir la contribución del estudio al avance de la ciencia en el campo y/o las prácticas de gestión socio-ambiental en las organizaciones, en línea con el alcance de la RGSA.
Palabras clave: Producción de plántulas, Especies nativas, Calidad de las plántulas, Áreas degradadas y Sustrato Alternativo
1 INTRODUCTION
The Melastomataceae family is important. The species in this family have life strategies and adaptations such as high seed production, efficient propagule dispersal, high germination rates and rapid growth that can enable the activation of ecological processes involved in the natural regeneration of disturbed habitats. Among the species that make up the Suparacidae family , Mouriri guianensis Aubl , is a medium-sized tree species, 4-7 m tall, Floral phenology between September and February and its fruits ripen from December to April. It is widely distributed in South America and extends to Central America. Popularly known in the Pantanal as roncador and in other Brazilian regions as: gurguri , murriri , ururi , goiabarana . Its fruit is edible and has twice the vitamin C of orange and lemon, serves as food for fish and birds, and is used medicinally for skin problems, ulcers and postpartum baths. ( Pott and Pott 1994; Mors, Rizzini and Pereira, 2000; Lorenzi, 2009 ; Cruz and Kaplan; 2004).
This species is recommended for the recovery of degraded areas , as it is part of the native vegetation potentially suitable for Agroforestry Systems (AFS), mainly as an alternative source of income, through the production of fruits, wood, medicinal products, bee pasture and recovery of riparian forests ( Pott and Pott , 2014). Here we observe that ecosystem restoration is the act of restoring ecological processes that have been destroyed or degraded, responsible for rebuilding a functional community that presents high diversity (Ser, 2004; Engst , 2014). et al , 2016; Pimentel and Rempel , 2022). Reis et al . (2014), highlights that the restoration of degraded areas is essential, mainly, in the sense of increasing connectivity between natural remnants, a vital action to maintain the quality of life on planet Earth.
The Pantanal is an extensive seasonally flooded plain, which makes it extremely productive in different habitats, where diverse and rare species occur ( Alho, 2008; Alho, 2019). In recent years, the Biome has been suffering from fires, which in 2020 affected almost a third of the Pantanal territory, with more than four million hectares on fire (Libonati ef al . 2020). In 2021, the Pantanal had 1,945,150 hectares (12.6% of the biome) consumed by flames, while in 2022 it was 218 thousand hectares . And in 2023, more than 1.2 million hectares of this area were devastated by fire. ( SOS Pantanal, 2021; WWF-Brazil, 2023; Granchi , 2023 ). Thus, knowing the native species, as well as adaptations ecophysiological characteristics of the substrates and how these species grow and develop in their original habitat can provide us with important parameters for use in the ecological restoration of this Biome and, therefore, reduce the impacts of deforestation.
The type of substrate is one of the most important external factors in the development of seedlings in the nursery phase, influencing both seed germination and seedling growth, which contributes to production in a short period (Dutra et al . 2012). The composition of the substrate also aids in root development, influences the good quality and formation of seedlings, and the availability of physical and chemical characteristics, making them viable for being taken to the field in order to facilitate planting and obtain good post-planting performance (Marques et al. 2017; Fonseca et al . 2017). Therefore, it is necessary to identify the substrates that promote the best conditions for the development of seedlings of the species presented here.
In forest species, especially native ones, there is still insufficient information regarding their nutritional requirements during their initial growth (CECONI et al., 2006). However, studies may show different results with the use of foliar mineral supplementation in the development of seedlings, due to genetic diversity and their different nutritional demands (Reis et al., 2012). Given this reality, it is important to conduct studies using different substrates and applying foliar fertilizer to evaluate the growth and development of native species. A good substrate for seedling production can be the appropriate medium for their support and retention of sufficient and necessary amounts of water, oxygen and nutrients, in addition to offering compatible pH, absence of chemical elements at toxic levels and adequate electrical conductivity (Caldeira, et al .; 2008; Oliveira et al. 2016).
Furthermore, the substrate plays an essential role in providing nutrients for seedling growth and in root aggregation so that when the seedling is removed from the container, before planting, it can protect it from impacts (Silva ег al . 2019; Costa et al . 2020; Rodrigues et al . 2021). Fertilizers are the compound with the nutrients that the plants will absorb during their growth (Takane et al . 2013). Thus, in addition to the substrate, the use of foliar fertilizers helps to increase the nutrients absorbed by the plants.
Given the above, the economic and ecological importance of this species, the objective of this study was to produce Mouriri seedlings. guianensis Aubl . under different types of substrates, in order to indicate the ideal one for their initial development considering that seedlings depend on different nutrients for their growth and development. The hypothesis developed that the type of substrate associated with the spraying of foliar fertilizer on the seedlings can contribute to the growth of seedlings of this species for use in ecological restoration . Considering the urgent demands for restoring degraded areas in the Pantanal due to fires in recent years .
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 STUDY AREA
The experiments were conducted in the Educator nursery of the Education, Ecological Restoration and Agroecology Laboratory - EDUCARE of the State University of Mato Grosso - UNEMAT in Cidade Universitaria (Figure 1), in the municipality of Cáceres-MT, Pantanal Mato-gorssense , in the year 2023 In a shade house covered with " sombrite ", allowing 50% light to pass through the environment, with M. guianensis seedlings . Aubl .
Figure 1
Location where experiments with the Mouriri species were carried out guianensis Aubl .
To analyze the influence of the type of substrate on the development of M. guianensis seedlings regarding height , collar diameter and number of leaves, an experimental design in a 2x3 factorial scheme was adopted. And to evaluate the influence of foliar fertilizer supplementation on the development of seedlings in relation to height, collar diameter and number of leaves of M. guianensis , two treatments were carried out: 1) the first without introduction of foliar fertilizer and, 2) introduction of foliar fertilizer Base - Fertilizantes®, of NPK composition (10-10-10 + micronutrients), where three types of substrates were evaluated in each repetition, and the experimental units consisted of 7 repetitions with 6 seedlings, with 42 seedlings per treatment, totaling 252 seedlings. The substrates used in the experiment were : 100% black soil (TP); 100% soil from the area of occurrence of the species (TO); 100% commercial substrate Vivatto ® (CS).
Figure 2
Substrates organized according to the experimental design, before (А) and after (В and С) transplanting of M. guianensis seedlings Aubl .
For this purpose, tubes with a volumetric capacity of 280 cm? were used, filled with the different substrates, arranged on suspended benches and from 30 days after transplanting, the foliar fertilizer was applied in the treatments to be evaluated the effect of fertilization.
To prepare the solution, 3 ml of the product Base - Fertilizantes®, composed of NPK (10-10-10 + micronutrients), was used . It was diluted in 2 liters of water and applied with a sprayer, after evaluating the variables of each month. Since then, these seedlings were evaluated for a period of 90 days and every thirty days.
The parameters used to evaluate seedling growth were: height of the aerial part (H), diameter of the collar (DC) and number of leaves of each seedling (NF). The height and diameter of the collar were measured every thirty days with the aid of a millimeter ruler, expressed in centimeters (cm) , from the level of the substrate to the height of the apical bud, and with a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm, respectively, while the number of leaves was counted by counting the number of leaves per plant.
The data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey 's test at 5% probability, to compare the means, using the statistical program software BioEstat 5.3.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the results obtained from experiments with different substrates, it was possible to observe significant differences for the parameters height and number of leaves in M. guianensis seedlings , with the 100% commercial substrate Vivatto ® (SC) treatment when compared to the others. Silva et al. (2017) observed that Eucalyptus seedlings grandis showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater development in height, collar diameter and dry mass of the aerial part in the 100% commercial substrate treatment, for Pinus elliottii seedlings , those submitted to the use of 100% commercial substrate ( Plantmax ®) showed higher averages of height and collar diameter.
Regarding the interaction between substrates and foliar fertilization for the variables evaluated, there was no statistically significant difference between them. Other authors corroborate this result Freitas et al . (2017), Santos et al. (2022) regarding the interaction between substrates and foliar fertilization for the height variable, both did not have a significant interaction.
The treatment with commercial substrate Vivatto ® (SC), without the introduction of the foliar fertilizer Base - Fertilizandos® NPK (10-10-10 + micronutrients), and with the introduction of the fertilizer, showed no difference in the averages in relation to the height characteristic , during the 90-day period of experiment evaluation (Table 1). What differs from the result found by Matias et al. (2019) who evaluated the effect of supplemental foliar fertilization associated with different substrates on mastic seedlings ( Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemäo ), where it achieved greater growth in substrates with supplemental foliar fertilization.
Tukey test at 5% during each period evaluated.
When evaluating the neck diameter (DC) it was noted that there was no statistically significant difference between the means of the substrates tested for the M. guianensis seedlings , there was also no interaction between the substrates and foliar fertilization for the variables evaluated, they presented similar development, (Table 2). corroborating with Epiphanius ег al . (2021) that in the data regarding height and diameter performed at 30 and 60 days, in all treatments there was no significant difference. Kratz et al . (2013) who used Eucalyptus seedlings benthamii , also observed that the diameter of the neck, both at 60 and 90 days, the substrate did not have a significant influence.
According to Souza et al. (2006), the evaluation of the seedling neck diameter is of fundamental importance in assessing the seedling's potential for survival and growth after planting. This characteristic is classified as the best morphological characteristic to predict future growth, because it is correlated with the seedling weight and the size of the root system (Duarte, et al . 2015; Grossnickle & MacDonald, 2018).
In the study carried out by Araujo et al . (2014) on the quality of seedlings of mangrove tree species grown in nurseries and different substrates, when evaluating the stem diameter (SC) there was no significant difference between the averages of the substrates tested for Rhizophora seedlings. mangle L., Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn , Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn . f. , during the evaluation period.
Tukey test at 5% during each period evaluated.
The treatments with substrates of occurrence soil (TO) and commercial substrate Vivatto ® (SC), without the introduction of the foliar fertilizer Base - Fertilizantes® NPK (1010-10 + micronutrients), presented better averages in relation to the characteristic number of leaves , during the 60-day evaluation period of the experiment, (Table 3).
We can observe that there was a statistically significant difference between the substrates, especially the commercial substrate Vivatto ® (SC), at 90 days of evaluation of the experiment in relation to the other substrates. In the work carried out by Silva et al (2020) they obtained similar results , where they used cupuacu seedlings ( Theobroma grandiflorum ) produced in the Biomix ® substrate showed the largest leaf areas.
The greater amount of leaf area contributes to a greater active photosynthetic surface, and consequently increases the production of energy and photoassimilates . Therefore, a plant that has a high capacity to accumulate leaf tissue may show a great competitive advantage, especially at the critical moment during its establishment phase. (Santos et al 2022).
Tukey test at 5% during each period evaluated.
It was observed, in the statistical analyses, that there was no significant difference in the evaluated variables of height (H), stem diameter (DC) and number of leaves (NF), in relation to the interaction of substrates with and without foliar fertilizer Base - Fertilizantes® NPK (1010-10 + micronutrients). For Marques et al . (2017), the substrate, in addition to being essential, helps in root development, being responsible for the good formation of seedlings, making them viable for planting.
4 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Based on the parameters analyzed, the species M. guianensis develops better when using the commercial substrate Vivatto ® (SC), without foliar mineral supplementation, Base - Fertilizantes®, 10-10-10 + micronutrients.
Therefore, the commercial substrate Vivatto ® (SC) is indicated for the production of quality seedlings for the species М. guianensis , for use in restoration actions of degraded areas of disturbed environments in humid areas, such as the Pantanal Mato-Grossense.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To the Brazilian Biodiversity Fund.
To the Terrestrial GEF - Conservation, Restoration and Management Strategies Project for the Biodiversity of the Caatinga, Pampa and Pantanal.
To the Biodiversity Restoration, Water Conservation and Fire Prevention Project in the Pantanal Wetlands - Taiama Ecological Station .
The Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel ( CAPES ) granted to the first author.
Submission date: 10/1/2024
Acceptance date: 12/2/2024
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Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of different substrates and the use of foliar fertilizer on the growth of M. guianensis seedlings in nursery conditions in order to indicate the ideal one for their development. Method: Three types of substrate were used: 100% black soil (TP); 100% soil from the area where the species occurs (TO); 100% Vivatto® commercial substrate (CS). A 2x3 factorial experimental design was adopted. Finally, the parameters used to assess the growth of the seedlings were: height of the aerial part (H), diameter of the neck (DC) and number of leaves of each seedling (NF). Results and conclusion: The results obtained showed significant differences in the characteristics of height and number of leaves in Mouriri guianensis seedlings, with the 100% Vivatto® commercial substrate treatment. There were no significant differences in the use of foliar fertilizer. Implications of the research: The Mouriri guianensis species is extremely important as it provides food for fish and birds, has medicinal uses and is recommended for recovering degraded areas. It is therefore important to obtain information on its production, as well as to assess the quality of the seedlings in alternative substrates. Originality/value: describe the study's contribution to the advancement of science in the field and/or socioenvironmental management practices in organizations, in line with the scope of the RGSA. Keywords: Seedling Production, Species Native, Quality of seedling, Degraded Areas e Alternative Substrate.