ABSTRACT
Objective: This research aimed to carry out a bibliographical survey through bibliometrics to know the state of the art on the anaerobic treatment of leachate from composting with nanoparticles.
Theoretical Framework: Composting is one kind of waste treatment and its process generates an effluent named leachate. The anaerobic digestion can treat this material and generating biogas for energy use. Additionally, the use of nanoparticles appears as a technological tool capable of improving the production of biogas and the percentage of methane.
Method: The tool used to produce this research was bibliometric analysis. Searches were performed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases in September 2024 with a focus on anaerobic digestion of compost leachate. No search period was defined. The strategy of using both databases was to expand the amount of work related to the topic.
Results and Discussion: The first work indexed in both databases is from 2011. From 2011 to September 2024, 32 articles related to the topic were published with the participation of 18 countries, 153 authors and 70 institutions. The journal that accumulated the highest number of publications was Waste Management.
Research Implications: The implication of this research is to provide general information about the researches being developed and thus to identify scientific gaps. From this overview, the research field can be better studied and new publications will emerge.
Originality/Value: This research showed that the study of anaerobic digestion of composting leachate with nanoparticles is quite incipient and promising, as few articles on the subject have been reported. This is a scientific gap.
Keywords: Anaerobic Digestion, Bibliometric, Composting, Leachate, Nanoparticles, Organic Waste.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento bibliográfico por meio da bibliometria para conhecer o estado da arte sobre o tratamento anaeróbio de lixiviado proveniente da compostagem com nanopartículas.
Referencial Teórico: A compostagem é um tipo de tratamento de resíduos e seu processo gera um efluente chamado lixiviado. A digestão anaeróbia pode tratar esse material e gerar biogás para uso energético. Além disso, o uso de nanopartículas surge como uma ferramenta tecnológica capaz de melhorar a produção de biogás e o percentual de metano.
Método: A ferramenta utilizada para produzir esta pesquisa foi a análise bibliométrica. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases Web of Science e Scopus em setembro de 2024 com foco na digestão anaeróbia de lixiviado de compostagem. Não foi definido período de busca. A estratégia de utilização de ambas as bases de dados foi ampliar a quantidade de trabalhos relacionados ao tema.
Resultados e Discussão: O primeiro trabalho indexado é de 2011. De 2011 a setembro de 2024, foram publicados 32 artigos relacionados ao tema com a participação de 18 países, 153 autores e 70 instituições. O periódico que acumulou o maior número de publicações foi Waste Management.
Implicações da Pesquisa: Fornecer informações gerais sobre as pesquisas que estão sendo desenvolvidas e, assim, identificar lacunas científicas. A partir desse panorama, a área de pesquisa pode ser melhor estudada e novas publicações surgirão.
Originalidade/Valor: Esta pesquisa mostrou que o estudo da digestão anaeróbia de lixiviado de compostagem com nanopartículas é bastante incipiente e promissor, pois poucos artigos sobre o assunto foram encontrados. Esta é uma lacuna científica.
Palavras-chave: Bibliometria, Compostagem, Digestão anaeróbia, Lixiviado, Nanopartículas, Resíduo orgânico.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: Realizar un levantamiento bibliográfico utilizando bibliometría para comprender el estado del arte sobre el tratamiento anaeróbico de lixiviados provenientes del compostaje con nanopartículas.
Marco Teórico: El compostaje es un tipo de tratamiento de residuos y su proceso genera un efluente llamado lixiviado. La digestión anaeróbica puede tratar este material y generar biogás para uso energético. Además, el uso de nanopartículas se presenta como una herramienta tecnológica capaz de mejorar la producción de biogás y el porcentaje de metano.
Método: La herramienta utilizada para producir esta investigación fue el análisis bibliométrico. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus en septiembre de 2024 con foco en la digestión anaeróbica de lixiviados de compost. No se definió ningún período de búsqueda. La estrategia para utilizar ambas bases de datos fue incrementar el número de trabajos relacionados con el tema.
Resultados y Discusión: El primer trabajo indexado es del año 2011. Desde 2011 hasta septiembre de 2024 se publicaron 32 artículos relacionados con el tema con la participación de 18 países, 153 autores y 70 instituciones. La revista que acumuló el mayor número de publicaciones fue Waste Management.
Implicaciones de la Investigación: Proporcionar información general sobre las investigaciones que se realizan y, así, identificar vacíos científicos. A partir de este panorama, se podrá estudiar mejor el área de investigación y surgirán nuevas publicaciones.
Originalidad/Valor: Esta investigación demostró que el estudio de la digestión anaeróbica de lixiviados de compostaje con nanopartículas es bastante incipiente y prometedor, ya que se encontraron pocos artículos sobre el tema. Esta es una brecha científica.
Palabras clave: Bibliometría, Compostaje, Digestión anaeróbica, Lixiviado, Nanopartículas, Residuos organicos.
(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omited.)
1 INTRODUCTION
Waste is an indispensable part of society. There is no civilization without the production of waste and rejects. In the capitalist system, in which consumption is encouraged and increasing, waste generation is larger. Therefore, to avoid health problems and environmental contamination, the appropriate final disposal of this material is provided for in current legislation.
With the increase in debates on sustainability in recent decades, the concept of Circular Economy has been resumed and has gained greater prominence in global discussions on the environment (Tiossi & Simon, 2021). The use of organic residues to produce bioenergy and the production of compounds rich in organic matter for agriculture use, as anaerobic processes, are а way of circulating these residues, making them inputs, instead of waste. Furthermore, research on this topic is directly related to the sustainable development goals (SDG) 6 and 7 of the United Nations (UN). Because the use of waste to generate bioenergy both contributes to better sanitation, by providing waste treatment (SDG 6) and generates clean energy (SDG 7) and contributes to the sustainability of the planet.
In Brazil, approximately 81.8 million tons of solid urban waste were generated in 2022 (Abrelpe, 2022), which about 50% is organic waste (Brasil, 2019). In Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, the Law n°. 6,484, of January 14, 2020, provides the responsibility of large generators of solid organic waste to "send organic waste segregated at source that can be composted to composting". Compliance with this legislation is still a challenge, so investments in processes and technologies are essential to overcome it. Part of this overcoming has been achieved with the expansion of the network of small and medium composting yards. However, the process of composting organic waste generates a final effluent, the compost leachate and this effluent cannot be discarded directly into soil or water bodies due to its polluting potential. Therefore, a specific treatment is necessary.
Anaerobic digestion is an alternative treatment for this leachate. The use of the anaerobic process to treat waste rich in organic matter, such as compost leachate, allows for greater biogas production. Since methane is the main component of biogas (usually 50 to 70%) and has an energy value of 35.8 KJ/L under standard conditions (Corona & Razo-Flores, 2018), several studies have been conducted to optimize biogas production with greater methane yield and its use as a renewable energy source (Lee & Lee, 2019).
To optimize the production of biogas with a high percentage of methane in its composition, the addition of different materials has been evaluated, such as those based on carbon (biochar, Granular Activated Carbon - GAC, Powdered Activated Carbon - PAC, carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphite) and non-carbon conductive materials (Park et al., 2018). Among the non-carbon conductive materials listed in the literature researched to date, ironbased nanoparticles (magnetite - Fe304 and hematite - Fe203) stand out, in addition to zerovalent iron (Barrena et al., 2022, Dehhaghi et al., 2019, Park et al., 2018, Pirsaheb et al., 2021).
Nanostructured conductive materials have shown high efficiency as additives in the anaerobic process due to their physical-chemical characteristics such as: high surface area, presence of active sites, high reactivity, high specificity, self-organization and mobility (Hoffmann et al., 2022). Supplementation with conductive materials in anaerobic cultures with electron-donating bacteria and electron-accepting methanogenic archaea facilitates interspecies electron transfer, which is the main driving force of the methanogenic symbiotic process that occurs between fermentative bacteria and methanogenic archaea, contributing to the use of energy during the anaerobic process (Ajay et al., 2020; Chen et al. 2020).
According to Zhang & Zhang (2019), interspecies electron transfer can occur in three ways: (a) interspecies transfer of hydrogen that acts as an electron carrier between volatile acids and carbon dioxide; (b) interspecies transfer with formate as an electron carrier and (с) direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). Among the types of interspecies electron transfer, DIET has been widely studied in recent years because it represents a pathway that favors methane production (Cheng & Call, 2016). This process requires lower energy consumption, electron exchange occurs without redox mediators, there is no accumulation of volatile acids if stagnation/disturbances are observed in the process, and there is no need for complex enzymatic steps for production, consumption and diffusion of redox mediators, promoting thermodynamic advantages (Zhang & Zhang, 2019).
Given the above, this research aimed to carry out a bibliographical survey through bibliometrics to know the state of the art on the anaerobic treatment of leachate from composting with nanoparticles.
2 METHODOLOGY
The tool used to produce this review was bibliometric analysis. Searches were performed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases in September 2024 with a focus on anaerobic digestion of compost leachate. At the time of the search, the way words are inserted can present different relationships, therefore the connectives "and" (addition) and "or" (alternation) are used to establish the relationship between them. Thus, the search was made as follows: "anaerobic digestion" OR "anaerobic process" AND "compost leachate" OR "leachate" OR "composting" AND nanoparticles OR nanomaterials. Keywords were searched in titles, abstracts and/or keywords of articles. No search period was defined. It is important to note that not all publications, patents or technical reports are indexed in Web of Science and Scopus. The strategy of using both databases was to expand the amount of work related to the topic.
2.1 RESEARCH RESULTS INDICATORS
The research outcome indicators chosen to analyze the influence of journals, authors, institutions and countries were the impact factor and the h-index. The impact factor is a tool that measures the quality of a journal within disciplinary categories through the relation between publications and citations in a given year. The higher the impact factor, the more careful the evaluation for publication and, consequently, the better the quality of research published in it (Garfield, 1999). The Hirsch index, better known as the h-index, is a tool proposed by Jorge Hirsch in 2005 that incorporates the quantity and visibility (citations) of publications (Hirsch, 2005).
Imran et al. (2018) used a methodology to calculate the standard survey score for each country, based on eight indicators, applying the equations 1 and 2. This calculation allows a qualitative analysis of the data generated in the database search. The indicators used in the calculation were: number of publications, number of citations, h-index, accumulated impact factor (sum of the impact factor of all journals), number of productive authors (authors who published more than 1 article on the subject), number of productive institutions (institutions that had more than 1 article published on the subject), number of hot articles (articles that have more than 50 citations) and number of citations of hot articles.
... (1)
in which Spq is the standard search score for indicator q in country p, Хр is the indicator score of q in country p, and x, is the average score for indicator q. The sum of all standard survey scores for a country is:
... (2)
in which Sp is the cumulative search result score of country p, and д is the search result indicator.
2.2 COLABORATION DEGREE
The effect of research collaboration was investigated based on three indicators, according to the methodology applied by Imran et al. (2018). These indicators are the degree of author collaboration (Da), degree of institutional collaboration (D;) and the degree of country collaboration (Dec) calculated by equations 3 to 5.
... (3)
... (4)
... (5)
in which a; is the number of authors, ß; is the number of institutions and y; is the number of countries of each article, and N is the total number of articles. It is important to emphasize that the number of countries is represented by the sum of all countries of all authors, just as institutions are also the sum of all institutions of all authors.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS
As the keywords used were very specific, the Web of Science search returned 25 publications, while the Scopus search returned 39. The two results were compared, and duplicate articles were excluded, leaving to a final number of 32 publications in the end. Figure la shows the number of publications related to the topic per year. It is noticed that the first work indexed in the databases is from 2011, while the largest number of publications registered were five in 2022. In 2024, until September, 3 papers related to the subject of anaerobic digestion of leachate from composting with nanoparticles were indexed.
Analyzing the type of publications, original articles were the majority (63%), while review articles, book chapters and editorial represented 25%, 9% and 3% of publications, respectively (1b).
3.2 PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY
The 32 publications analyzed come from 22 countries (Figure 2). The United States of America stands out with the highest number of publications, 8 articles, followed by China with 6 articles, and India with 5 publications. In this survey, the statistical study considered all countries of all authors of each publication.
The 10 most productive countries in terms of number of publications are presented in Table 1. As all countries of all authors of the publications were considered, in publications with collaboration of authors from different countries, the same article appears representing more than one country. Thus, the United States of America is the country that leads the ranking with 8 articles, 700 citations, 5 productive authors and 2 productive institutions. China appears in second place, with 6 publications, 119 citations, 1 productive author and 1 productive institution. Third place is occupied by India, which has 5 publications and 260 citations. It is important to point out that these quantification and classification were based on the publications resulting from the bibliometric research.
Applying equations 1 and 2 generated a standard score for a single survey indicator and a cumulative one (the sum of the standard scores for all survey indicators), respectively. These results represent the scientific production of different countries and are shown in Figure 3. The number of publications is not synonymous with quality; the h-index, citations, productive authors and institutions, which are considered in the standard cumulative score, must be considered. The United States of America, China and India continue to be the leading countries in terms of number of publications and standard scientific output scores.
3.3 MOST PUBLISHED JOURNALS
To list the most published journals, the 32 publications were analyzed. They were distributed in 18 journals. Figure 4 presents the 10 most published journals. Waste Management magazine leads with 4 publications related to the researched topic, followed by Science of the Total Environment with 3 publications and Bioresource Technology, Environmental Chemistry Letters, Environmental Pollution, Environmental Science & Technology, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering and Journal of Environmental Management, all with 2 publications.
3.4 AUTHORSHIP PATTERN AND INSTITUTIONAL PATTERN
The authorship standard and institutional standard results suggest that 148 authors from 69 institutions in 22 countries published these 32 articles. The analysis showed that 15 authors are productive (they published more than 1 article related to the theme) and 9 institutions are productive (institutions that appear in more than 1 article related to the theme). The authorship and institutional standards are shown in Figure 5a and Figure 5b, respectively.
It is possible to notice that 24 publications had 4 or more authors involved, being predominant publications with 4 authors or publications with 7 or more authors (Figure 5a). Publications from only 1 institution and 2 institutions predominate and constitute around 65% of the total (Figure 5b).
Figure 6 presents the 15 most productive authors and the 9 most productive institutions related to the subject of anaerobic digestion of leachate from composting with nanoparticles. In terms of productive authors and institutions, the United States of America continues to lead, followed by Turkey, Australia, China and Italy. Denmark and Egypt that do not have a productive author but has a productive institution.
3.5 ACADEMIC COLLABORATION
The degree of academic collaboration was quantified by equations 3 to 5 and is presented in Figure 7. It is possible to notice that, throughout the period, the degree of authorial collaboration was always greater than the degrees of national and institutional collaboration. The trend is for articles with many authors concentrated in a few countries and few institutions. It is then quite noticeable how the degree of authorial collaboration is much higher when compared to the degrees of national and institutional collaboration.
3.6 MOST CITED PAPERS
Another parameter analyzed was the number of citations of selected articles. The total number of citations was 1304. Figure 8 lists the 10 articles that had the most citations until September 2024, the moment of the research. It is noticed that only 9 articles had more than 50 citations (hot articles), 5 of which were older (2012 to 2016) and 4 more recent (2020 to 2022). Another finding is that among the 10 most cited articles, the United States remains in the lead, being represented in 5 articles. Followed by Australia and India which are in 2 articles each.
3.8 OVERVIEW OF SOME PAPERS SELECTED IN THIS RESEARCH
Of the 32 articles resulting from the research, it is important to highlight that no article was found on the anaerobic process of compost leachate. Therefore, 7 articles that were closest to the topic were selected. The selection criteria used were a) articles resulting from experiments, b) research that used leachate, solid waste or organic fraction of urban solid waste as a substrate, and c) research with nanoparticles from different materials for better representation. Some information, such as the type of waste and the type of nanoparticle of these papers, are included in Figure 9.
Given the objective of this work, which was to investigate the state of the art of research on anaerobic digestion of composting leachate with nanoparticles, the focus will be on the research of Al-Shemy et al. (2024) and Pashaki et al. (2024) as they better approximate the objective of the present study because they used leachate as a substrate. They used silver nanoparticles and iron nanoparticles, respectively.
Al-Shemy et al. (2024) carried out a series of batch anaerobic assay experiments in triplicate to assess the biogas production from an anaerobic digestion process inoculated with 50 mg/L of Si NPs and 50 mg/L of Ag@Si NPs core-shell NS. Each reactor contained 250 mL of inoculum sludge with different NPs concentrations, while a control sample contained only the inoculum without any additives. All bottles were vigorously mixed well and covered by aluminum caps with a specific rubber stopper. The air was flushed for 3.0 min and replaced by nitrogen gas, avoiding unsuitable anaerobic conditions. The biogas production was measured daily using 100 mL syringe. After the experiment period, it was found the biogas production rate increased by 14% with Si NPs and 37% with Ag@Si NPs, while the methane content reached 75% using Ag@Si NPs, surpassing the control phase values. The Si NPs and Ag@Si NPs effectively promoted the degradation of organic pollutants in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile solids (VS), and volatile fatty acids. The degradation efficiency achieved with Si NPs and Ag@Si NPs was higher than that of the control phase.
Pashaki et al. (2024), however, used bioreactors with a volume of 500 mL were used for the anaerobic digestion trials and loaded with the inoculum-to-substrate ratio equal to 4. Each additive was introduced in the separate reactors. Additives included fresh FeCl3, sludge powder, and Fe-NPs at different concentrations. Nitrogen gas was also utilized to remove oxygen and create anaerobic conditions inside the bioreactors, then each was sealed with plastic caps. The results revealed that the COD removal and biogas production increased with rising concentrations of Fe-NPs from zero to 18 mg/L. Adding more Fe-NPs could thus convert more COD values of landfill leachate into biogas, because such NPs resulted in a bio-stimulatory effect on methanogenic activity at the beginning of the anaerobic digestion process and lasted for the entire duration of the experiment. Therefore, the authors conclude the addition of trace elements reduced the delay phase and minimized the time to reach the highest biogas production.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The search in the two databases resulted in 32 indexed publications, after excluding duplicate articles, between the period 2011 and September 2024. In all, 18 countries, 153 authors and 70 institutions published something related to digestion anaerobic leachate from composting with nanoparticles. These 32 publications together accumulate 1304 citations and originate mainly from research carried out in the United States of America, China, India and Turkey. The journal with the highest number of publications was Waste Management and the most cited article was published in Environmental Science & Technology with an impact factor of 10.8 and an h-index of 480. From 2011 to September 2024, an average of 5.6 authors, 2.5 institutions and 1.5 countries participated in each publication. According to the keyword frequency analysis, 698 keywords were used in the 32 publications.
The research carried out in the databases together with the analysis of the articles resulted in 19 articles, of the 32 selected, that addressed the theme of the positive or negative impact of nanoparticles on the anaerobic digestion process. This fact showed that the study of anaerobic digestion of compost leachate with nanoparticles is quite incipient and promising, as no articles on the subject were reported. This is a scientific gap for future research and publications.
AKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge the support obtained from the following Brazilian institutions: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq (Process number 309477/2021-2 and 142229/2020-2); Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal - FAP-DF.
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Abstract
Objective: This research aimed to carry out a bibliographical survey through bibliometrics to know the state of the art on the anaerobic treatment of leachate from composting with nanoparticles. Theoretical Framework: Composting is one kind of waste treatment and its process generates an effluent named leachate. The anaerobic digestion can treat this material and generating biogas for energy use. Additionally, the use of nanoparticles appears as a technological tool capable of improving the production of biogas and the percentage of methane. Method: The tool used to produce this research was bibliometric analysis. Searches were performed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases in September 2024 with a focus on anaerobic digestion of compost leachate. No search period was defined. The strategy of using both databases was to expand the amount of work related to the topic. Results and Discussion: The first work indexed in both databases is from 2011. From 2011 to September 2024, 32 articles related to the topic were published with the participation of 18 countries, 153 authors and 70 institutions. The journal that accumulated the highest number of publications was Waste Management. Research Implications: The implication of this research is to provide general information about the researches being developed and thus to identify scientific gaps. From this overview, the research field can be better studied and new publications will emerge. Originality/Value: This research showed that the study of anaerobic digestion of composting leachate with nanoparticles is quite incipient and promising, as few articles on the subject have been reported. This is a scientific gap.