ABSTRACT
Objective: This study investigated the scientific production on Urban Parks in Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs), focusing on their multifunctionality in environmental conservation and ecological education.
Theoretical Framework: The study is based on the National Environmental Education Policy (Law nº 9.795/1999) and research highlighting Urban Parks as strategic spaces for environmental balance and collective awareness.
Method: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database, covering 562 documents published between 1979 and 2023. The VOSviewer software was used to identify co-authorship networks, keywords, and thematic patterns.
Results and Discussion: Urban Parks in APPs have great potential for sustainability and environmental education but are underutilized as pedagogical tools. Expanding the integration between conservation and education through public policies, experimental projects, and participatory management strategies is recommended. This study contributes to the formulation of guidelines to maximize the impact of these spaces on urban quality of life and environmental awareness.
Originality/Value: This study provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific landscape on Urban Parks in APPs, identifying key trends, gaps, and opportunities for future research. It highlights the underexplored potential of these spaces as tools for environmental education and suggests strategic actions to enhance their multifunctionality. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in urban planning and environmental management.
Keywords: Urban Parks, Permanent Preservation Areas, Environmental Education, Environmental Conservation, Bibliometric Analysis.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Este estudo investigou a produção científica sobre Parques Urbanos em Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs), com foco em sua multifuncionalidade na conservação ambiental e na educação ecológica.
Referencial Teórico: Fundamenta-se na Politica Nacional de Educação Ambiental (Lei nº 9.795/1999) e em estudos que destacam os Parques Urbanos como espaços estratégicos para o equilíbrio ambiental e а conscientização coletiva.
Método: Foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica baseada na base de dados Scopus, abrangendo 562 documentos publicados entre 1979 e 2023. O software VOSviewer foi utilizado para identificar redes de coautoria, palavraschave e padrões temáticos.
Resultados: Os resultados destacaram o crescimento significativo da produção científica nos últimos dez anos, liderado pela China, Brasil e Estados Unidos. A China foi identificada como principal produtora e financiadora de estudos, reflexo de suas políticas ambientais e urbanas. No entanto, apenas 5,5% dos estudos analisaram a relação entre Parques Urbanos e educação ambiental, evidenciando uma lacuna significativa na utilização pedagógica desses espaços.
Originalidade/Valor: Este estudo oferece uma visão abrangente sobre o panorama científico dos Parques Urbanos em APPs, identificando tendências, lacunas e oportunidades para pesquisas futuras. Destaca o potencial subexplorado desses espaços como ferramentas para a educação ambiental e sugere ações estratégicas para ampliar sua multifuncionalidade. Os achados fornecem subsídios valiosos para pesquisadores, gestores públicos e profissionais em planejamento urbano e gestão ambiental..
Palavras-chave: Parques Urbanos, Áreas de Preservação Permanente, Educação Ambiental, Conservação Ambiental, Análise Bibliométrica.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: Este estudio investigó la producción científica sobre Parques Urbanos en Áreas de Preservación Permanente (APP), enfocándose en su multifuncionalidad en la conservación ambiental y la educación ecológica..
Marco Teórico: El estudio se basa en la Política Nacional de Educación Ambiental (Ley nº 9.795/1999) y en investigaciones que destacan los Parques Urbanos como espacios estratégicos para el equilibrio ambiental y la conciencia colectiva.
Método: Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico utilizando la base de datos Scopus, abarcando 562 documentos publicados entre 1979 y 2023. Se utilizó el software VOSviewer para identificar redes de coautoria, palabras clave y patrones temáticos.
Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados revelaron un aumento significativo en la producción científica durante la última década, liderado por China, Brasil y Estados Unidos. China fue identificada como el principal productor y financiador de estudios, reflejando sus políticas ambientales y urbanas. Sin embargo, solo el 5,5% de los estudios abordaron la relación entre los Parques Urbanos y la educación ambiental, destacando una brecha significativa en el uso pedagógico de estos espacios.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio proporciona una visión integral del panorama científico sobre los Parques Urbanos en las APP, identificando tendencias clave, brechas y oportunidades para futuras investigaciones. Resalta el potencial poco explorado de estos espacios como herramientas para la educación ambiental y sugiere acciones estratégicas para mejorar su multifuncionalidad. Los hallazgos ofrecen información valiosa para investigadores, responsables de políticas públicas y profesionales en planificación urbana y gestión ambiental.
Palabras clave: Parques Urbanos, Areas de Preservación Permanente, Educación Ambiental, Conservación Ambiental, Análisis Bibliométrico
1 INTRODUCTION
Human actions have impacted natural environments since the dawn of human evolution. However, these impacts have become more significant with the disorderly increase in population and the excessive exploitation of natural resources (Maciel et al., 2023). This context makes it essential to discuss measures to ensure the balance of biodiversity and reduce the effects of climate change оп a global scale (Silva & Conceicäo, 2011).
The Brazilian Forest Code (Law No. 12,651/2012) establishes Permanent Preservation Areas ( APPs ) as essential regions for maintaining the quality and quantity of water in river basins, which are fundamental for human supply and the support of economic activities (Moreira et al., 2022). Despite the legislation, APPs face intense anthropogenic pressures, such as deforestation, channeling of watercourses, landfilling, inadequate disposal of solid and liquid waste, and irregular construction (Vieira et al., 2023).
Exceptional cases that allow intervention in APPs are provided for in CONAMA Resolution No. 369/2006. These cases include projects of public utility, social interest or low environmental impact, such as the implementation of Urban Parks. These areas can act as strategic tools for environmental conservation and ecological education, while providing benefits for the quality of urban life (Carvalho & Santos, 2023).
International experiences demonstrate that the integration of urban parks into conservation zones contributes significantly to the mitigation of environmental impacts. In Germany, for example, strategies for revitalizing green areas in urban areas have combined conservation efforts with the promotion of educational and recreational practices ( Guarino et al., 2024). In the United States, initiatives such as " Riverwalk Parks" have been recognized for incorporating conservation zones into urban spaces focused on recreation and environmental awareness (Du et al., 2014).
The formulation of sustainable public policies requires consistent environmental assessments to guide strategies that balance development opportunities and environmental risk mitigation (IBAMA, 2016). In this context, environmental education plays a central role, promoting values and attitudes focused on conservation (Guimaraes, 2004). However, the literature reveals significant gaps in the use of Urban Parks as integrated spaces for environmental education, especially in areas of permanent preservation (Brasil, 1999).
This study seeks, through a bibliometric analysis, to map the trends and focuses of scientific production related to the use of Urban Parks in APPs as conservation and environmental education tools in urban areas. The objective is to identify the main sources of scientific production, content related to the theme, and the most relevant authors and institutions. The results can support the formulation of public policies and guide managers and researchers in the development of integrated strategies for environmental conservation, urban planning, and environmental education.
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative methodology that evaluates scientific production in a specific area of knowledge. According to Job (2018), bibliometrics provides an in-depth understanding of research dynamics, strategic orientation, and continuous progress in the scientific field. This approach is widely used to map collaboration networks, identify emerging trends, and assess the impact of public policies in thematic areas.
In addition to mitigating the subjectivity inherent in information retrieval, bibliometrics serves as a tool to support knowledge management. By organizing and systematizing information, it provides a solid foundation for the continuous advancement of research (Corréa et al, 2024). In the context of this study, bibliometrics will be applied to analyze research trends related to the use of Urban Parks in Permanent Preservation Areas ( APPs ), focusing on their conservationist and educational function.
2.2 PERMANENT PRESERVATION AREA ( APPs)
Permanent Preservation Areas ( APPs ) are defined by the Brazilian Forest Code (Law No. 12,651/2012) as protected spaces, covered or not by native vegetation, with the function of preserving water resources, biodiversity and geological stability, in addition to ensuring human well-being. Since the first Brazilian Forest Code, instituted by Decree No. 23,793/1934, until the current legislation, APPs have been progressively regulated, highlighting their relevance in environmental conservation and territorial planning.
Despite legal protections, APPs are often subject to degradation, whether due to deforestation, irregular occupation or inadequate exploitation of natural resources (Vieira et al., 2023). In this context, Urban Parks can play a strategic role in protecting these areas, reconciling environmental conservation and sustainable use. According to CONAMA Resolution No. 369/2006, interventions in APPs are permitted when there is social interest, public utility or reduced environmental impact, as in the case of projects aimed at creating urban green areas.
2.3 URBAN PARKS
Urban Parks are essential components of green areas in cities, contributing to quality of life and environmental balance. According to the Ministry of the Environment (MMA, 2024), these areas are characterized by native or introduced vegetation, with ecological, aesthetic, recreational and educational functions. By integrating Urban Parks into APPs , planners can explore their multifunctionality, promoting both environmental conservation and ecological education.
Internationally, concepts such as "river parks" exemplify the integration between conservation and public use. Emscher Park in Germany is a notable example of the revitalization of degraded industrial areas into multifunctional green spaces, promoting both environmental recovery and public use (Braga, 2017).
In Brazil, the application of Urban Parks as conservation tools in APPs still faces challenges, such as the lack of integrated planning and the absence of public policies aimed at environmental education in these spaces (Guimarães, 2004). Therefore, it is necessary to expand discussions on the role of these parks as agents of transformation in the relationship between society and the environment.
3 METHODOLOGY
The methodological approach adopted in this study is exploratory and uses bibliometric analysis to compile information on Urban Parks in Permanent Preservation Areas ( APPs ), with a focus on environmental conservation and ecological education. The objective is to map trends, identify thematic gaps and provide subsidies for urban and environmental planning.
3.1 DATABASE SELECTION
Scopus database was chosen because it is a consolidated platform for abstracts and citations of peer-reviewed academic literature, covering multiple scientific disciplines. According to Elsevier (2023), Scopus allows advanced analyses, such as monitoring coauthorship networks and identifying the most frequent keywords, in addition to ensuring greater reliability by excluding non-reviewed works.
Other platforms, such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate , and the Journal Portal of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), include a variety of document types, such as theses, reports, and unreviewed manuscripts. Although relevant for an initial survey, these documents can compromise the integrity of the bibliometric analysis, as they do not always follow rigorous scientific quality criteria (Hernandez & Gutiérrez, 2020; Bourne & Polley , 2015). Thus, the exclusivity of Scopus ensures greater precision in the identified trends and in the scientific impact of the selected works ( Job , 2018).
3.2 SEARCH STRATEGY
The search was structured using key terms and Boolean operators ( AND , OR ), applied to the title, abstract and keyword fields. The search strings combined terms related to the main theme in Portuguese and English, such as:
* "Assessment ";
* "Qualitative Assessment " ;
* "Environmental Conservation " ;
* "Urban Park";
* "Urban Green Area " ;
* "Parque Fluvial" (" River Park");
* "Urban Permanent Preservation Area" (" Urban Permanent Preservation Area ").
To improve the results, specific filters were applied, limiting the documents to the thematic areas of Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Social Sciences and Engineering.
3.3 USE OF VOSVIEWER SOFTWARE
The VOSviewer software was used for bibliometric analysis. This software allows the construction of visual maps on:
* Co-authorship networks, identifying prominent authors and institutions;
* Most frequent keywords and their correlations;
* Geographical distribution of publications, highlighting leading countries in research.
VOSviewer also offers flexibility for adjustments in analysis parameters, such as weight and scoring, allowing clear graphical representations adapted to the needs of the study ( Vaneck & Waltman , 2023).
3.4 ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS: ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
To investigate the integration of Urban Parks and environmental education practices, an additional search was conducted using the string :
* " Environmental Education " AND (© Urban Park" OR " Urban Green Area " OR " River Park" ОК " Urban Permanent Preservation Area").
This analysis sought to understand how Urban Parks have been used as pedagogical tools and what gaps still need to be addressed in the academic literature.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION OVER TIME
The bibliometric analysis revealed a cumulative scientific production of 562 documents published between 1979 and 2023, with significant growth in the last 10 years. This increase, which comprises 97% of publications, reflects the impact of public policies and global events that have intensified attention to environmental conservation and urban sustainability. Examples include the implementation of the Brazilian Forest Code in 2012 and the increase in international initiatives aimed at the sustainable management of natural resources ( Kohler et al., 2021).
Figure 1 illustrates this growth trend, highlighting important milestones, such as the adoption of environmental legislation and the advancement of technologies that facilitated more complex scientific analyses. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic, starting in 2020, also contributed to a greater interest in urban green areas, reinforcing their relevance for health and well-being (Tendais & Ribeiro, 2021). These factors point to a growing appreciation of the relationship between urbanism, sustainability, and quality of life.
4.2 MAIN COUNTRIES, INSTITUTIONS AND FUNDERS
The mapping of scientific production by country showed China as the largest producer, with 145 publications (25.80%), followed by Brazil (10.50%) and the United States (9.61%). This Chinese leadership can be attributed to the intensification of environmental public policies and the search for sustainable urban solutions, aligned with efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions ( Qiao et al., 2013). Beijing, for example, has set ambitious goals to expand its green spaces, promoting ecological and social benefits (Lima & Albuquerque, 2021).
Figure 2, which presents the scientific production network map by country, highlights the concentration of studies in economically advanced nations or those with robust public policies for environmental sustainability. In addition to China, countries such as Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom appear as important contributors. These results reflect the influence of public policies and funding initiatives in these countries, such as the European Union programs aimed at the integrated management of urban and environmental areas.
In Brazil, USP leads scientific production, while Chinese institutions, such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences, appear as the main global funders, as described in Table 1. This direct relationship between prominent institutions and volume of publications reinforces the importance of financial and logistical support for the advancement of scientific research.
The fact that much of the selected research was conducted and funded by Chinese researchers is related to the fact that the country has become one of the main protagonists in the fight against pollution since 2010, trying to avoid being one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases. Lima & Albuquerque (2021) highlight that the country has recently renewed its external public policies and has encouraged it to follow a path of reducing emissions from its main energy source, coal burning.
Qiao et al. (2013) reveal that Beijing, the capital of China, planned to build more green spaces with the aim of promoting greater sustainable development. In research carried out in Xuchang , an important cultural and economic center located in Henan province , the urban planning was based on guidelines for the protection and sustainable use of natural resources, offering a favorable ecological environment with places for leisure and entertainment.
Strengthening China's prominent position, the authors who published the most on the subject are mostly Chinese, between 1979 and 2023 (Table 2).
4.3 RELEVANT TOPICS AND KEYWORDS
VOSviewer , in cluster analysis, divided the keywords into 5 distinct groups, demonstrating the main axes of publications. The largest group contains 240 keywords (red color) mainly related to the terms "urban area" ( " urban area"), "green space" (" greenspace ") and "urban park" (" urban park" ). Group 2 (green) contains 122 keywords represented, in this "o group the highlights are "China", "risk assessment" and " environmental monitoring" (" environmental monitoring "). In group 3 (blue), it contains 34 keywords, with emphasis on "article" (" article "), "human" (" human ") and "recreational park" (· recreation park"). In group 4 (yellow), it contains 2 words: "toxicity" (" toxicity ") and "ecosystem" (· ecosystem ") and finally, in group 5 (purple) only the word "population statistics" (" population statistic").
Figure 3 summarizes these relationships, highlighting how research efforts have focused on technical aspects such as soil quality and urban planning. However, the lack of significant integration between environmental conservation and environmental education reinforces a gap in the literature.
In general, the analysis of related keywords demonstrated that scientific journals on carrying out environmental conservation assessments in urban parks of APPs are supported by themes such as: environmental risk, pollution monitoring, mainly related to soil, urban planning and the use of preserved space for human well-being.
4.4 INTEGRATION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
There was reduced integration between urban parks and APPs and the environmental education system, thus, a second way of approaching the research, only 31 articles were observed, correlating such terms with environmental education, in the Scopus database until the year 2023, with records occurring only from the year 2001.
The term environmental education refers to the process by which individuals and communities develop social values, knowledge, skills, attitudes and competencies aimed at environmental conservation. This definition is aligned with Law No. 9,795, of April 27,1999 , which instituted the National Environmental Education Policy (PNEA), marking the first Brazilian legal framework focused exclusively on the subject. Despite its transformative potential, environmental education has been underutilized in spaces such as Urban Parks, which could act as high-impact pedagogical tools.
Figure 4 highlights the evolution of scientific production on this topic, revealing modest growth and indicating the need for initiatives that promote the use of Urban Parks as educational spaces. These spaces could serve as living laboratories, integrating formal and informal learning, with benefits for both environmental awareness and urban quality of life (Cano-Ortiz et. al, 2024; Nansen , 2024).
According to Guimarães (2004), environmental education goes beyond individual actions; it requires collective and integrated transformations, capable of promoting significant changes in the socio-environmental context.
Several studies have highlighted that the planned structuring of urban theme parks can significantly improve environmental education for children and adolescents, integrating engaging elements such as games, sensory experiences and well-designed facilities, thus maximizing their pedagogical impact, in addition to increasing awareness and appreciation among citizens ( Laffitte et al., 2022).
4.5 REFLECTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Scopus database ensures the reliability of the results, it is acknowledged that some relevant contributions may be missing. Studies indexed in other platforms, such as Web of Science and Google Scholar, could complement the analysis, especially in regional contexts. However, the rigor in the application of selection criteria and the comprehensiveness of Scopus mitigate this possible bias.
The use of VOSviewer , which enabled the construction of figures and analysis of tables, was essential to identify thematic and geographic patterns. However, it is important to consider that countries with greater scientific production do not always reflect a proportional practical application of research, given that other factors, such as financial resources and local policies, also influence the results.
5 CONCLUSION
This study revealed the growing relevance of Urban Parks in Permanent Preservation Areas ( APPs ) as tools for environmental conservation and ecological education. The significant increase in scientific production over the last ten years reflects the intensification of global efforts in sustainability, with China standing out as the leader in both volume of publications and funding, while Brazil still faces challenges in fully exploring the educational potential of these spaces.
Although urban parks have great educational potential, only 5.5% of the publications analyzed explicitly addressed this relationship, evidencing an underutilization of these environments. To overcome this gap, it is necessary to invest in strategies that connect communities to the environment, promoting broad and integrated social transformations.
Future studies should focus on multidimensional analysis of the impacts of these parks, the implementation of educational projects and the use of technologies for monitoring and management. International comparisons and the development of participatory governance models can also provide valuable insights to maximize the benefits of these spaces.
As practical developments, it is recommended to formulate public policies that promote the multifunctionality of Urban Parks, partnerships between universities and local managers to implement pilot projects, and the dissemination of knowledge through educational materials. In addition, expanding the databases used in future research can enrich global understanding of the topic.
It is concluded that, to fully realize the potential of Urban Parks in APPs , it is essential to integrate innovative policies, pedagogical practices and participatory strategies. This work offers a solid basis for future studies and actions that expand its contribution to sustainability and quality of urban life.
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Abstract
Objective: This study investigated the scientific production on Urban Parks in Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs), focusing on their multifunctionality in environmental conservation and ecological education. Theoretical Framework: The study is based on the National Environmental Education Policy (Law nº 9.795/1999) and research highlighting Urban Parks as strategic spaces for environmental balance and collective awareness. Method: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database, covering 562 documents published between 1979 and 2023. The VOSviewer software was used to identify co-authorship networks, keywords, and thematic patterns. Results and Discussion: Urban Parks in APPs have great potential for sustainability and environmental education but are underutilized as pedagogical tools. Expanding the integration between conservation and education through public policies, experimental projects, and participatory management strategies is recommended. This study contributes to the formulation of guidelines to maximize the impact of these spaces on urban quality of life and environmental awareness. Originality/Value: This study provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific landscape on Urban Parks in APPs, identifying key trends, gaps, and opportunities for future research. It highlights the underexplored potential of these spaces as tools for environmental education and suggests strategic actions to enhance their multifunctionality. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in urban planning and environmental management.