Development and Characterization of Luteolin Loaded Niosomesfor Effective Deliveryin Wound Healing

Introduction

Wound healing represents a formidable dual challenge in the realms of therapy and finance within medicine.¹ Growth hormones, cytokines, antioxidants, the availability of metal ions (calcium, magnesium, and zinc), and growth hormones all play significant roles in the intricate process of wound healing. Wounds result from the integrity of the body’s tissue. It can be triggered by physical, chemical, thermal, microbiological, or immunological damage, resulting in major clinical problems.² Chronic wounds may occur as a result of improper or interrupted healing. The whole body may suffer as a consequence of cutaneous damage that is either chronic (such as diabetes ulcer) or acute (such as surgery, mechanical injury, burns, etc.). As anoutcome, wound healing multistep is crucial for human health maintenance and comfort.^3,4Wound healing is a complex biological process necessary for tissue restoration and recovery. This intricate journey involves four sequential and overlapping steps: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, each playing a distinct role in achieving optimal healing outcomes.⁵ Despite the well-defined stages, the effectiveness of wound healing can be influenced by multifaceted factors, including patient-specific variables, the wound’s nature, and underlying health conditions. Recognizing and navigating these limitations is essential for tailoring therapeutic strategies and advancing our understanding of the intricacies involved in wound healing.^6,7

Luteolin is a potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioflavonoid polyphenolic phytoconstituent.⁸ Additionally, reports of its potential antibacterial, immunomodulatory, gastroprotective, anti-tumour, cardioprotective, and anti-diabetic activities have also been made. A luteolin treatment led to faster wound healing, better epithelium regeneration, more collagen, stronger tensile strength, and reduced inflammation.^9,10 Luteolin exhibits several limitations, including low absorption, poor water solubility, and reduced bioavailability. Lutein metabolism and absorption have been studied in vitrousing microsome and Caco-2 cellsobtained from the intestinal or liver of rats and humans. In accumulation, luteolin and luteolin-richplantswere the focus of pharmacokinetic research in humans and animals. However, few in vivo studies have been conducted on luteolin’s distribution, absorption, metabolism, and bioavailability.However, it has a low bioavailability, which impacts its biological characteristics and effectiveness.^11,12 Many drug delivery techniques employing lipid carriers and nanoformulations have been developed to improve drug bioavailability.To increase bioavailability and efficacy, luteolin has been loaded into a variety of nanoformulations, including nanoparticles¹³,NLCs¹⁴, ROS-responsive...