Development and characterization of biodegradable papers from coffee and corn husks using varied concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol to support sustainable agroindustry

Abstract

Excessive paper usage and unsustainable deforestation practices in paper production have led to the search for eco-friendly alternatives. This condition should be properly addressed concerning environmental impacts. Cellulose is one of the main components in producing paper. Agricultural waste containing high cellulose can be used as an alternative source, such as coffee and corn husks commonly produced in significant amounts. This study aimed to develop and characterize biodegradable papers utilizing coffee and corn husks as cellulose sources with varied concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol. The study also conducted soil burial tests to determine the biodegradability of the produced paper and predict its complete degradation time. Ten variations (A – J) composed of coffee husks, corn husks, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in different percentage ratios (% w/w) were tested, with only six variations (B, C, D, G, H, I) successfully produced biodegradable papers. Varied concentrations of PVA also significantly affected the paper characteristics in certain ways. The characteristics of biodegradable papers obtained in grammage (38.08–129.39 g/m²), bulk (3.36–5.40 cm³/g), moisture content (4.80– 8.72 %), whiteness (44.86–60.99 % ISO), tensile resistance (0.04–0.30 kN/m), elongation (0.98– 2.20 %), and stiffness (2.80–13.92 mN/m). All biodegradable papers experienced degradation degrees ranging from 37.81 to 59.27 % based on gradual weight loss within 28 days. Based on the linear regression and forecasting trend, the biodegradable papers will be completely degraded to 100% within an estimated 44 –98 days, demonstrating their potential biodegradability. These findings highlight agricultural waste utilization and the development of biodegradable paper from coffee and corn husks to enhance the added value products while supporting sustainable agroindustry.