ABSTRACT
Objective: This research sought to measure the contribution of litter and carbon storage provided by Agroforestry Systems (SAFs) with shaded coffee plantations.
Theoretical Reference: Understanding carbon flows in biomass is essential for land use management, such as carbon storage and sequestration. Leaf litter, made up of leaves, branches and other organic residues, plays a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility due to its influence on nutrient cycling. SAFs have been shown to be effective in capturing carbon, acting as CO2 sinks and helping to mitigate climate change.
Method: The experiments took place in the municipality of Taquaritinga do Norte, Pernambuco. Collectors made of wood were used, with dimensions of 1 m x 1 m and a height of 15 cm. The bottom was made of fiberglass mesh with a spacing of 1 mm x 1 mm, suspended 15 cm above the soil surface. The samples were collected over a period of 8 months, between October 2023 and May 2024. The treatment took place at the CITAR Laboratory, belonging to the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE). The fractions were packed in paper bags and taken to a forced-air oven at 70°C. The results were treated using descriptive statistics.
Results and Discussion: The production of leaf litter showed temporal variations, with a higher contribution of this material in the Secondary Native Forest (MNS) (858.06 kg/ha/month) compared to the SAF (807.11 kg/ha/month). With regard to the percentage of the fractions that make up the litter, the leaf fraction was predominant in both systems, making up around 79% in the SAF and 68% in the MNS of the litter contributed to the soil. The results are in line with the literature on the subject, showing the contribution of plant species to the deposition of organic matter. In the SAF, the stock of living biomass above ground was 330 t/ha, corresponding to 155.1 t/ha of carbon, higher than the values recorded in the MNS (67 t/ha of biomass and 31 t/ha of carbon).
Research Implications: The theoretical and applied implications of this research are analyzed comprehensively, highlighting how the findings can contribute to the advancement of knowledge and the implementation of practices in the context of carbon sequestration and the recovery of degraded areas.
Originality/Value: The research is valuable because of its unprecedented application in the field. Its relevance is highlighted by the fact that it is aligned with different scientific studies that have already been consolidated on the academic scene.
Keywords: Nutrient Cycling, Environmental Sustainability, Soil Fertility and Statistical Analysis.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Esta pesquisa buscou mensurar a contribuição do aporte de serrapilheira e о armazenamento do carbono proporcionada pelos Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF's) com plantio de café sombreado.
Referencial Teórico: O entendimento dos fluxos de carbono na biomassa € essencial para a gestáo de uso do solo, a exemplo do armazenamento e sequestro de carbono. A serrapilheira, formada por folhas, galhos e outros residuos orgánicos, exerce um papel crucial na manutencáo da fertilidade do solo devido a sua influéncia na ciclagem de nutrientes. As SAF's tém se mostrado eficazes na captura de carbono, atuando como sumidouros de CO2 e contribuindo na mitigação das mudanças climáticas.
Método: Os experimentos ocorreram no municipio de Taquaritinga do Norte, Pernambuco. Utilizaram-se coletores fabricados em madeira, com dimensões de 1 mx 1 me altura de 15 cm e o fundo de tela de fibra de vidro com malha de espacamento de 1 mm x 1 mm, suspenso a 15 cm acima da superfície do solo. As coletas foram realizadas no período de 8 meses, entre outubro/2023 e maio/2024. O tratamento ocorreu no Laboratorio do CITAR, pertencente a Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE). As frações foram acondicionadas em sacos de papel, levados para estufa de circulação forçada de ar a 70°C, os resultados foram tratados com estatística descritiva.
Resultados e Discussão: A produção de serapilheira apresentou variações temporais, tendo sido observado um aporte desse material na Mata Nativa Secundária (MNS) (858,06 kg/ha/més) em сотрагасао ao SAF (807,11 kg/ha/més). Com relação a porcentagem das frações que compõe a serrapilheira, a fração foliar foi predominante nos dois sistemas, constituindo cerca de 79% no SAF e 68% na MNS da serrapilheira aportada sobe o solo. Os resultados estáo alinhados com a literatura a respeito do tema, evidenciando a contribuicáo das espécies vegetais para a deposição de matéria orgánica. No SAF, o estoque de biomassa viva acima do solo foi de 330 t/ha, correspondendo a 155,1 t/ha de carbono, valores superiores aos registrados па MNS (67 t/ha de biomassa e 31 t/ha de carbono).
Implicações da Pesquisa: As implicações teóricas e aplicadas desta pesquisa são analisadas de forma abrangente, destacando como os achados podem contribuir para о ауапсо do conhecimento e para a implementacáo de praticas no contexto do sequestro de carbono e da recuperacáo de áreas degradadas.
Originalidade/Valor: A pesquisa apresenta valor pela característica inédita de арПсасао na área. Sua releváncia ganha destaque por estar alinhada com diferentes pesquisas científicas já consolidadas no cenário académico.
Palavras-chave: Ciclagem de Nutrientes, Sustentabilidade Ambiental, Fertilidade do Solo e Análise Estatística.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: Esta investigación buscó medir la contribución de la hojarasca y el almacenamiento de carbono proporcionado por los Sistemas Agroforestales (SAFs) con plantaciones de café bajo sombra.
Referencia teórica: Comprender los flujos de carbono en la biomasa es esencial para la gestión del uso de la tierra, como el almacenamiento y secuestro de carbono. La hojarasca, compuesta por hojas, ramas y otros residuos orgánicos, desempeña un papel crucial en el mantenimiento de la fertilidad del suelo debido a su influencia en el ciclo de los nutrientes. Los SAF han demostrado su eficacia en la captura de carbono, actuando como sumideros de CO2 y ayudando a mitigar el cambio climático.
Método: Los experimentos tuvieron lugar en el municipio de Taquaritinga do Norte, Pernambuco. Se utilizaron colectores de madera, con dimensiones de 1 m x 1 m y altura de 15 cm. El fondo era de malla de fibra de vidrio con espaciamiento de 1 mm x 1 mm, suspendida 15 cm por encima de la superficie del suelo. Las muestras se recogieron durante un periodo de 8 meses, entre octubre de 2023 y mayo de 2024. El tratamiento se realizó en el Laboratorio CITAR, perteneciente a la Universidad Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE). Las fracciones se envasaron en bolsas de papel y se llevaron a una estufa de aire forzado a 70°C. Los resultados se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva.
Resultados y Discusión: La producción de hojarasca presentó variaciones temporales, con una mayor contribución de este material en el Bosque Nativo Secundario (MNS) (858,06 kg/ha/mes) en comparación con el SAF (807,11 kg/ha/mes). En cuanto al porcentaje de las fracciones que componen la hojarasca, la fracción foliar fue predominante en ambos sistemas, constituyendo alrededor del 79% en el SAF y del 68% en el MNS de la hojarasca aportada al suelo. Los resultados están en línea con la literatura sobre el tema, mostrando la contribución de las especies vegetales a la deposición de materia orgánica. En el SAF, el stock de biomasa viva sobre el suelo fue de 330 t/ha, correspondiente a 155,1 t/ha de carbono, superior a los valores registrados en el SNM (67 t/ha de biomasa y 31 t/ha de carbono).
Implicaciones de la investigación: Las implicaciones teóricas y aplicadas de esta investigación se analizan de forma exhaustiva, destacando cómo los resultados pueden contribuir al avance del conocimiento y a la implementación de prácticas en el contexto del secuestro de carbono y la recuperación de áreas degradadas.
Originalidad/Valor: La investigación tiene valor por su aplicación inédita en el campo. Se destaca su relevancia por estar alineada con diferentes estudios científicos ya consolidados en el escenario académico.
Palabras clave: Ciclo de Nutrientes, Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Fertilidad del Suelo y Análisis Estadístico.
RGSA adota a Licença de Atribuição CC BY do Creative Commons (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)
1 INTRODUCTION
For efficient land use management, understanding the flow of carbon in both soil and biomass is important in contributing to the provision of environmental services, including carbon sequestration (Siarudin, 2020). Through photosynthetic processes, carbon is absorbed from the atmosphere, becoming part of the plant biomass and being deposited in the soil, contributing to the deposition of litter, which is one of the main sources of nutrients for the soil and plants, and the availability of such resources is of vital importance for plant development.
Thus, soil can act as a carbon sink from the atmosphere (Bayer, 2011). Globally, approximately 38.4 Gt (1 Gigaton = equivalent to one million tons) of carbon are stored in soil, making it the largest terrestrial carbon reservoir (Stockmann, 2013). However, conventional agriculture causes changes in soil management or soil and climate conditions, leading to significant losses of carbon in the form of CO >, resulting in spatial and temporal variability of soil carbon reserves.
Agroforestry, which functions as land use systems and practices in which woody perennials are deliberately integrated with crops and/or animals in the same management unit, has been recognized as important in the carbon sequestration strategy, since the consortium of trees and agricultural species contributes to the accumulation of litter in the soil, which is transformed by the action of microorganisms into organic matter, thus contributing to the improvement of soil quality.
According to Alegre & Cassel 1996, litter is directly related to carbon sequestration, since increasing litter stocks can help reduce the amount of CO2 i, the atmosphere. Thus, this research aims to quantify the carbon content present in litter in an agroecological system in order to understand its need for adequate management and good development of the agricultural crops used in this system.
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Agroforestry systems (SAFs) are forms of use and management of natural resources in which woody species are used in deliberate association with agricultural crops or animals in the same area, simultaneously or in temporal sequence (Organización Para Estudios Tropicais, 1986). In this way, perennial species make up the same production unit with other agricultural crops and/or animals, in a specific spatial and temporal arrangement.
The design of the SAF on the property combines the cultivation of forest species, native or exotic, with agricultural species and/or animal husbandry in the same area. As an example, we can mention the use of palm trees (acai, bacaba, pupunha, babassu and oil palm), coffee (conilon and arabica), Brazil nuts, various fruit trees (cupuassu, acerola, guarana and banana) and different tree and shrub species for timber exploitation and for multiple uses (Siqueira et al ., 2022).
Faced with a growing demand for the use of agricultural soils, inadequate management can lead, according to Cherubin et al, (2015), to a state of degradation that, if reversible, requires а lot of time and resources for its recovery. According to Mbow et al ., (2014), agroforestry systems (AFS) can change the characteristics of degraded soils, increasing their fertility, with increased carbon fixation, ensuring the subsistence of biodiversity through the provision of ecological and economic benefits.
In AFSs, there is the essential development of living, biodiverse, and physically and chemically enriched soils, which enhance the cycling of nutrients and materials, produce food without synthetic fertilizers, pesticides or synthetic hormones, generating food security, contributing to human and environmental health. The soil is no longer treated as a substrate and becomes a living component of the landscape (Cardoso and Fávero, 2018; Primavesi and Primavesi, 2018).
Therefore, agroforestry systems are a type of land use that offers numerous advantages based on techniques that lead to balanced land use, presenting significant differences in relation to conventional agriculture, which presents significant differences in microbiological, chemical and physical characteristics, these characteristics are related to the capacity of these soils to enhance the mineralization and mobilization of available nutrients (Vasconcellos et al ., 2013).
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY AREA
The experiment was conducted on a farm with vegetation similar to the Atlantic Forest with coffee plantations, belonging to the municipality of Taquaritinga do Norte (Figure 1). The municipality is located in the Agreste mesoregion and in the Alto Capibaribe Microregion of the State of Pernambuco, bordering the State of Paraiba to the north, Toritama, Caruaru and Brejo da Madre Deus to the south, Vertentes to the east, and Santa Cruz do Capibaribe to the west (Brazil, 2005). The soil classification, according to Rodrigues ег al. (2008), corresponds to a Typical Eutrophic Red Yellow Argisol with medium/clayey texture, with a prominent A horizon.
The climate of the region is classified as Aw according to the Kôppen Classification, characterized by a tropical climate with dry winters. The highest rainfall occurs between February and August, with an annual average of 721 mm. The average annual temperature is 21°C, and the altitude varies between 736 m and 1,100 m, according to (IBGE, 2022).
In each land use system (shaded coffee and secondary native forest), three plots of 10 x 30 m were randomly distributed. Five collectors were installed within each plot. The collectors measured 1.00 m x 1.00 m, with wooden sides 15 cm high and a fiberglass screen bottom with a mesh spacing of 1 mm x 1 mm, suspended 15 cm above the soil surface.
3.2 LITTER PRODUCTION
To evaluate litter production, five collectors were installed inside each plot. The collectors measured 1.00 m x 1.00 m, with wooden sides measuring 15.0 cm high and a fiberglass screen bottom with a mesh spacing of 1 mm x | mm, suspended 15 cm above the soil surface.
The collections took place over a period of 8 months, between October/2023 and May/2024, thus covering the rainy season and the dry season in the region. In each collection, the litter was collected, placed in sterile bags and taken for sorting at the CITAR Laboratory, belonging to the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), (Figure 2).
After sorting, the fractions were placed in paper bags, identified, taken to a forced air circulation oven at 70°C until they maintained a constant weight and were passed through precision scales (0.01 g). Through the average amount of litter found in the collectors, it was 1 possible to estimate the biomass returned monthly and annually (Kg.ha .year ) to the
3.3 ESTIMATION OF TREE BIOMASS AND CARBON
The same blocks used for collecting litter in both the agroforestry system and the native forest were used to study aboveground carbon. All vegetation within the block area was sampled, with the most conspicuous tree constituents shown in Table 1.
Within each block, plants with diameter at breast height (DBH) > 5 cm (measured at 1.30 m from the ground) were marked with sequential numbers and had their DBH and total height (TH) measurements measured. Plants that presented several tillers, where at least one was within the adopted inclusion level, had all of them measured to calculate the equivalent DBH.
... (1)
Where:
DAP Equi = diameter at breast height (cm);
1.2, nDap 2 = tiller diameters at 1.30 m from the ground (cm)
The carbon estimate was obtained from the quantification of above-ground tree biomass, based on the dendrometric variables of DBH and total height of the trees measured in the 6 blocks studied. The biomass was estimated using the allometric equation developed by Fonséca et al ., (2020), for the same region and vegetation type under study.
... (2)
Where:
Barb = Tree biomass (Kg);
DBH = diameter at 1.30 m from the ground (cm);
HT= total height (m).
Aboveground tree biomass is an important indicator of terrestrial carbon dynamics, with approximately 50% of total plant biomass consisting of carbon. In this study, biomass data will be converted to tree carbon using a factor of 0.47:
... (3)
Where:
Carp= Tree carbon (KgC.arv);
Bary= tree biomass (Kg.tree);
Fc= Correction factor of 0.47.
3.4 ANALYSIS STATISTICS
To verify whether there were differences in the quantities of litter produced monthly in the production system and in the native forest, the data were organized in tables and subjected to normality tests assessed by the Shapiro -Wilk test . Following a normal distribution, the data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared using the Tukey test with a significance level of 5%, using the SISVAR statistical program (Ferreira, 2011).
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 LITTER DEPOSITION
For the months analyzed (October 2023 to April 2024), the average monthly production of litter contributed was 807.11 kg ha and 858.06 Kg ha · respectively for the agroforestry system and native forest (Table 2). The month with the highest production in the agroforestry system was October with 1028.54 Kg ha "and December was characterized as the month with the lowest production, with a deposition of 503.66 Kg ha · . Regarding the increase in litter in the secondary native forest, it was characterized with a greater contribution in March quantifying 1057.75 Kg ha 7! and the lowest addition in December, with a value of 706.36 Kg ha !.
Litter deposition was continuous throughout the analyzed period, with variations in its behavior, influenced by precipitation (Figure 3). It was observed that the native forest system presents a greater deposition of litter when compared to the agroforestry system, although there was a tendency for litter production to follow in both land use systems until February. After the beginning of the rainy season, it was observed that the increase in litter input in the secondary native forest reached a peak in March, a fact that was not observed in the agroforestry system.
Litter production in agroforestry systems and secondary native forests corresponds to the production range of tropical forests, listed by Brown and Lugo (1982), who found monthly averages ranging from 83.33 to 1275 kg. ha '. The values of the present study are also close to those found in an experiment carried out in agroforestry systems in the Atlantic Forest by Costa (2015), who quantified an average monthly value of 707.16 kg ha ?.
Andrade et al ., (2020) in an experiment carried out in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest observed a The average monthly litter production during the observed period was around 0.618 Mg ha"! It is likely that these differences are due to the variation in plant composition in the studied areas, with the presence of species with different phenological behaviors that contributed more significantly to litter production (Souto, 2006).
The large contribution of litter and nutrients to the soils of AFSs is a product of the high plant diversity, including its tree component. The canopy formed by the diversity of plant species provides soil cover through the deposition of a dense layer of organic matter, continuously generated by the falling leaves and branches of different crops, contributing to soil conservation and maintaining its fertility and productivity (Costa, 2015).
Regarding the litter fractionation, the results of the two systems studied are presented in Figures 4 and 5. According to the total litter sampling, in the agroforestry system the leaf fraction presented the highest production, with an average production equal to 626.57 kg ha ·! (79%), followed by the branch fraction, whose production was 130.27 kg ha · (17%) and in third place was the production of the reproductive structures fraction, with 31.88 kg ha-1 (4%).
Regarding the fractionation of litter in secondary native forest, as well as in SAFs, the leaf fraction represented the largest portion of litter with an average contribution of 563.95 Kg ha · (68%), followed by the branch fraction, with a contribution of 138.88 Kg ha 7! (17%) and finally reproductive structures, with an increase of 128.87 Kg ha · (15%).
Leaves were found to be the main material forming the litter, with a significant difference being observed between the mean values. Table 3 presents the Tukey test for comparing the means of each fraction of the litter, with emphasis on the leafy fraction.
Santos (2022) identified that leaves form the fraction that most influenced the formation of the litter layer, having 66.7% of representation of all material, followed by reproductive material with 16.5% of the total, and the branch fraction with 11.3%; the researcher found 66.16% of leaves, 19.4% of branches and 14.44%; Ferreira et al ., (2007) analyzed the litter in a wooded area in the municipality of Itambé - PE and detected that the material forming the litter is mainly constituted by leaves, representing 70.9% of the deposited residues, the fruits constituted about 15.4% of the residues deposited in one year, while the deposition of the branch fraction constituted around 5.7% of the litter.
4.2 LIVING BIOMASS AND ABOVEGROUND CARBON STOCKS
The estimated above-ground living biomass (AGB) for the agroforestry system was 330 t.ha 7! , corresponding to an above-ground carbon (AGC) of 155.1 t.ha !. Regarding the data found in the secondary native forest, the amount of living biomass was 67 t.ha ·!, while the 1 amount of carbon was 31 t.ha , as shown in Table
The above-ground biomass stock in the agroforestry system and in the secondary native forest corresponds to the production range of the Atlantic Forest, listed by Fonseca (2020), who found 38.9 Mg ha İto 431.4 Mg h |. Like the above-ground living biomass, the aerial carbon stock also corresponds to the production range for the Atlantic Forest of the author cited above, in which the carbon variation was 18.28 MgC ha · to 202.8 MgC ha 1.
Crespo (2020), in an experiment carried out in the same study area, found below-ground carbon stocks ranging from 6.79 g/kg to 26.20 g/kg, with the highest soil C stocks observed at a depth of 0-20 cm, although no significant difference was identified between depths. For the author, these values are associated with high soil density and the influence of relief on carbon dynamics.
The estimate of carbon stock in living trees in the agroforestry system was higher than those found by Justino (2024), in an experiment carried out in an area of an Atlantic Forest fragment in the municipality of Botucatu-SP. The aforementioned author measured an average carbon in living trees of 99.0 Mg Cha · in late forest areas and an average of 55.1 Mg Cha · for forests with a lot of disturbance.
The values obtained in this study are within what is observed in other studies carried out in the same biome, such as Denardi (2023) and Azevedo et al ., (2018). However, it was observed that the values of living biomass and carbon in the secondary native forest were lower than those found in the agroforestry system, as well as the values found by the authors mentioned above.
The lower amount of biomass and carbon present in secondary native forests compared to the agroforestry system present in the same management unit is due to the level of development of the tree components. Variables such as live aerial biomass and carbon stock in these compartments improve over time, both for native forest areas and for AFSs. Therefore, they tend to increase in line with the development of reforestation, demonstrating the importance of these forest formations in the sequestration of atmospheric carbon (Azevedo et al ., 2018).
In order to verify the influence of biomass on carbon stocks, a correlation analysis was performed between estimated and variable C stocks with above-ground biomass and tree circumference (Table 5). Estimated C stocks showed a high positive correlation with biomass and tree circumference. This demonstrated the environmental viability of the conservation system model adopted, presenting above-ground carbon storage values higher than those found in secondary forests and close to those of primary forests for the same biome.
5 CONCLUSION
This research sought to measure the contribution of litterfall and carbon storage provided by Agroforestry Systems (SAF's) with shaded coffee planting.
The research showed that both land use systems contribute to the production of litter and the storage of carbon in living biomass, highlighting the importance of these areas for environmental sustainability and the conservation of natural resources.
Regarding the fractions that make up the litter, there was a predominance of leaf fraction, followed by fractions of branches and reproductive structures.
Above-ground living biomass and carbon stocks were higher in the agroforestry system than in the secondary native forest, demonstrating the potential of this system to promote atmospheric carbon storage due to the existence of trees. The positive correlation between biomass, tree circumference and carbon stock (verified by the Pearson test) reinforces the environmental viability of the conservation model adopted.
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Abstract
Objective: This research sought to measure the contribution of litter and carbon storage provided by Agroforestry Systems (SAFs) with shaded coffee plantations. Theoretical Reference: Understanding carbon flows in biomass is essential for land use management, such as carbon storage and sequestration. Leaf litter, made up of leaves, branches and other organic residues, plays a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility due to its influence on nutrient cycling. SAFs have been shown to be effective in capturing carbon, acting as CO2 sinks and helping to mitigate climate change. Method: The experiments took place in the municipality of Taquaritinga do Norte, Pernambuco. Collectors made of wood were used, with dimensions of 1 m x 1 m and a height of 15 cm. The bottom was made of fiberglass mesh with a spacing of 1 mm x 1 mm, suspended 15 cm above the soil surface. The samples were collected over a period of 8 months, between October 2023 and May 2024. The treatment took place at the CITAR Laboratory, belonging to the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE). The fractions were packed in paper bags and taken to a forced-air oven at 70°C. The results were treated using descriptive statistics. Results and Discussion: The production of leaf litter showed temporal variations, with a higher contribution of this material in the Secondary Native Forest (MNS) (858.06 kg/ha/month) compared to the SAF (807.11 kg/ha/month). With regard to the percentage of the fractions that make up the litter, the leaf fraction was predominant in both systems, making up around 79% in the SAF and 68% in the MNS of the litter contributed to the soil. The results are in line with the literature on the subject, showing the contribution of plant species to the deposition of organic matter. In the SAF, the stock of living biomass above ground was 330 t/ha, corresponding to 155.1 t/ha of carbon, higher than the values recorded in the MNS (67 t/ha of biomass and 31 t/ha of carbon). Research Implications: The theoretical and applied implications of this research are analyzed comprehensively, highlighting how the findings can contribute to the advancement of knowledge and the implementation of practices in the context of carbon sequestration and the recovery of degraded areas. Originality/Value: The research is valuable because of its unprecedented application in the field. Its relevance is highlighted by the fact that it is aligned with different scientific studies that have already been consolidated on the academic scene.