Macrophage polarization in cardiac transplantation: Insights into immune modulation and therapeutic approaches

Abstract

The role and regulatory mechanisms of macrophage polarization in cardiac transplantation have gained significant attention. Macrophages can polarize into either the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype in response to environmental cues. M1 macrophages facilitate transplant rejection by releasing inflammatory mediators and activating T cells, whereas M2 macrophages support graft survival by secreting anti-inflammatory factors and promoting tissue repair. Mitochondrial quality control regulation plays a crucial role in macrophage polarization, which may influence graft survival and immune responses. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of mitochondrial quality control-regulated macrophage polarization in cardiac transplantation, its effects on graft outcomes, and potential therapeutic strategies to modulate this process to enhance transplant success rates. The review was conducted by systematically analyzing recent studies and integrating findings from key research articles to synthesize a comprehensive understanding of this emerging field.