Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolate in Ethiopia. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat. Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) emerged as one of the most concerning critical priority pathogens due to its ability to develop resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. In Ethiopia, the public health impact of AMR is increasingly significant, with A. baumannii responsible for a variety of infections. Although A. baumannii causes a range of infections in Ethiopian patients, the drug resistance status of the clinical isolates has not been thoroughly assessed. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the country-wide AMR of A. baumannii.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We conducted a search of articles on PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopes electronic databases, Google Scholar search engine, and institutional repositories/libraries for studies published between 2015 and 2024. Eligible studies on A. baumannii-related infections and AMR in Ethiopia were assessed for quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) criteria. Data on study characteristics were extracted, and statistical analyses, including heterogeneity (Invers of variance), publication bias (Eggers test), and subgroup analyses, were performed using STATA 17.0. A random effect model was used to compute the pooled prevalence of AMR.

Results

This systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 Ethiopian studies (26,539 participants) found an A. baumannii prevalence of 3.99% (95% CI: 3.01–4.98%) and 9.13% of all bacterial infections (95% CI: 6.73–11.54%). The most common infections were surgical site infections, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis. Pooled resistance to antibiotics varied, with amikacin showing the lowest resistance (20.27%) (95% CI: 11.51–29.03) and cefotaxime the highest (83.18) (95% CI: 71.87–94.48). A pooled multi-drug resistant (MDR) A. baumannii was found in 88.22% (95% CI: 82.28–94.15) of isolates, with regional and infection-type variations, particularly in higher prevalence in Oromia and Amhara regions and sepsis cases.

Conclusion

This systematic review underscores the alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance in A. baumannii, particularly against carbapenems. The findings highlight a high prevalence of MDR A. baumannii and widespread extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production, with notable regional variations in resistance patterns. These high resistance rates reinforce A. baumannii as a critical global health threat, necessitating urgent interventions such as enhanced antimicrobial stewardship programs, improved infection control measures, and the development of alternative treatment strategies. Healthcare professionals, policymakers, and researchers must collaborate to mitigate the clinical and public health impact of this pathogen.

Protocol registration

This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD42024623927).