Insulin resistance quantified by estimated glucose disposal rate predicts cardiovascular disease incidence: a nationwide prospective cohort study

Abstract

Background

Insulin resistance (IR) is an important pathologic component in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) is a measure of glucose handling capacity, that has demonstrated utility as a reliable marker of IR. The study aimed to determine the predictive utility of IR assessed by eGDR for CVD risk.

Methods

This nationwide prospective cohort study utilized data of 6416 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) who were free of CVD but had complete data on eGDR at baseline. The Boruta algorithm was performed for feature selection. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis were conducted to examine the associations between eGDR and CVD, and the results were expressed with hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) values. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), calibration curve, Hosmer–Lemeshow test, net reclassification improvement (NRI), and decision curve analysis (DCA) were employed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of eGDR in identifying CVD. Subgroup analysis was performed to explore the potential association of with CVD in different populations.

Results

During a median follow-up of 106.5 months, 1339 (20.87%) incident CVD cases, including 1025 (15.96%) heart disease and 439 (6.84%) stroke, were recorded from CHARLS. The RCS curves demonstrated a significant and linear relationship between eGDR and all endpoints (all P for nonlinear > 0.05). After multivariate adjustment, the lower eGDR levels were found to be significantly associated with a greater prevalence of CVD. Compared to the lowest quartile, the highest eGDR quartile was associated with a decreased risk of CVD (HR 0.686, 95% CI 0.545–0.862). When assessed as a continuous variable, individuals with a unit increasement in eGDR was related to a 21.2% (HR 0.788, 95% CI 0.669–0.929) lower risk of CVD, a 18.3% (HR 0.817, 95% CI 0.678–0.985) decreased risk of heart disease, and 39.5% (HR 0.705, 95% CI 0.539–0.923) lower risk of stroke. The eGDR had an excellent predictive performance according to the results of ROC (AUC = 0.712) and χ² likelihood ratio test (χ² = 4.876, P = 0.771). NRI and DCA analysis also suggested the improvement from eGDR to identify prevalent CVD and the favorable clinical efficacy of the multivariate model. Subgroup analysis revealed that the trend in incident CVD risk were broadly consistent with the main results across subgroups.

Conclusion

A lower level of eGDR was found to be associated with increased risk of incident CVD, suggesting that eGDR may serve as a promising and preferable predictor for CVD.