Association between inflammatory biomarkers and postoperative acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in patients with preoperative renal dysfunction: a retrospective pilot analysis

Abstract

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a significant post-cardiac surgery complication, particularly prevalent among individuals with pre-existing renal dysfunction. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently accompanied by persistent, low-grade inflammation, which is known to exacerbate systemic stress responses during surgical procedures. This study hypothesizes that these inflammatory responses might influence the incidence and severity of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI), potentially serving as a protective mechanism by preconditioning the kidney to stress.

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled patients with preoperative renal dysfunction (eGFR between 15 and 60 ml/min/1.73 m²) who underwent cardiac surgery between January 2020 and December 2022. Preoperative inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative AKI, as defined by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Multivariate regression models and sensitivity analyses were conducted to ascertain the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and AKI. Restricted cubic spines (RCS) was conducted to explore nonlinear associations between inflammatory biomarkers and AKI.

Results

AKI occurred in 53.4% (392/734) of patients, accompanied by significant mortality and length of hospital stay increases in cases of AKI (P < 0.005). After full adjustment of confounders, neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (OR = 0.28), systemic inflammation response index (OR = 0.70), systemic immune inflammation index (OR = 0.69), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (OR = 0.70), monocyte/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (OR = 0.53), neutrophil/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (OR = 0.43) demonstrated an inverse association with AKI. Sensitivity analyses revealed that patients in the highest quartile of these biomarkers exhibited a significantly lower prevalence of AKI compared to those in the lowest quartile (p for trend < 0.05). The RCS analysis suggested an “Inverted U-shaped” association of both LnNPAR and LnSIRI with AKI.

Conclusions

This study identified an inverse association between preoperative inflammatory biomarkers and postoperative AKI in patients with preoperative renal dysfunction. The findings implied that preoperative inflammation may play a protective role against postoperative AKI in this patient population undergoing cardiac surgery.