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Introduction
One of the most prevalent malignancies, breast cancer (BC) is the primary cause of tumor-associated death in women around the world [1]. Additionally, it is highly diverse [2]. The majority of BC patients are identified as having advanced cancer or metastatic lesions due to early diagnosis difficulties and rapid tumor growth [3]. Early diagnosis and treatment resulted in a 5-year relative survival rate for BC patients of approximately 100% compared to only 26% for BC patients initially diagnosed in stage IV [4]. Based on histological characteristics, BC is categorized as hormone-receptor-positive (HR +), HER2 + (overexpressed), and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) [3]. At present, the main therapies for breast cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and targeted therapy, but the efficacy of conventional postoperative adjuvant chemoradiotherapy is poor, especially TNBC [1]. The residual metastatic lesions eventually will lead to tumor recurrence [5]. Clinical trials examining novel medications and therapeutic combinations have shown encouraging developments in the treatment of breast cancer in recent years. Bevacizumab has been used in several nations to treat TNBC, which is thought to be the least successful type [6], although the patients' survival times did not dramatically improve. Therefore, it is critical to create fresh treatment plans and objectives.
With the introduction of molecularly targeted medications, the prognosis for BC was considerably improved [7]. The PARP inhibitors olaparib and talazoparib for germline BRCA mutation associated breast cancer (gBRCAm-BC) and, most recently, the checkpoint inhibitor atezolizumab in programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1 +) TNBC, are three newly authorized targeted therapy for TNBC [8]. The development of molecularly targeted medications has altered BC treatment and increased RCC patients' chances of survival. In clinical practice, it should be noted that some patients still show no or poor response to molecularly targeted therapy, despite the fact that the effects of targeted medications are better than those of other treatments [9]. Additionally, it is still unknown what is causing this phenomenon and how it works, particularly how drug resistance works. Therefore, it is critical to look into drug resistance further, understand BC’s occurrence and progression at the molecular level, and create new, targeted medications.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which continues to be one of the main causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality, is frequently an underlying clinical sign of cancer [10]....