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Copyright © 2025, Hota et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

The Enterococcus species originates as non-harmful bacteria indigenous to human intestines but has transformed into severe hospital-acquired pathogens due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The clinical species Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium create the most relevant infections because they appear in urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, and wound infections. Enterococcus species demonstrate multiple antibiotic class resistance and resistance determinant acquisition properties that make treatment difficult for medical professionals. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) together with high-level aminoglycoside-resistant strains and resistance to both linezolid and daptomycin have exhausted available treatment options. The review investigates the development process of Enterococcus infections by examining virulence characteristics, which involve biofilm production and defense mechanisms against the immune response and transmission of resistance genes. A thorough investigation of medical publications used Google Scholar along with PubMed and ScienceDirect and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) as appropriate search terms. The traditional classification of Enterococcus species from historical context to modern epidemiology and pathogenesis and available treatment and test approaches are explained in this review. This section examines two categories of resistance together with their mechanisms of action with a specific focus on vancomycin resistance produced by van gene clusters as well as its prevalence trends. An examination of how horizontal gene transfer functions in transferring resistance throughout healthcare facilities is included. The paper investigates the different symptoms of enterococcal infections together with diagnostic obstacles and treatment modalities. Drug-resistant Enterococcus infections continue to increase internationally, so healthcare professionals need new therapeutic methods, better antimicrobial policies, and stronger infection prevention measures. The examination surveys Enterococcus infections through an extensive evaluation of developing resistance patterns combined with emerging intervention requirements.

Details

Title
Enterococcus: Understanding Their Resistance Mechanisms, Therapeutic Challenges, and Emerging Threats
Author
Hota Sourish 1 ; Patil, Satish R 1 ; Mane, Priyanka M 1 

 Department of Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (KVV), Karad, IND 
University/institution
U.S. National Institutes of Health/National Library of Medicine
Publication year
2025
Publication date
2025
Publisher
Springer Nature B.V.
e-ISSN
21688184
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
3204272113
Copyright
Copyright © 2025, Hota et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.