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Copyright © 2025, Bordoni et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Breathing is a systemic act, which involves not only the lungs, but the entire body system. To have a comprehensive clinical picture, it is necessary to have all the patient's data; from this assumption, we can affirm that it is necessary to know all the muscles involved in breathing to understand how to obtain a comprehensive approach for the care and treatment of the patient to improve respiratory capacity. The text reviews the efferent connections of the respiratory centers and cites all the muscles that are involved in the mechanism of breathing and that are controlled and managed by the respiratory centers, starting from the muscular description of the cranial area, the bucco-cervical area, the cervicothoracic area, and the thoracic area. Knowing the function of the respiratory accessory muscles allows us to obtain, in some clinical cases, valuable data that can prove predictive of the diagnostic path of the pathology.

This is the first article in the literature, to the authors' knowledge, that attempts to list and include in a single text all the muscles directly or indirectly involved in breathing. The goal of this narrative review article is to remind clinicians and researchers involved in the study of different muscular respiratory responses that we need to analyze and work all the skeletal musculature involved in breathing to better understand what happens in the pathological or physiological phases during breathing. This step will allow us to better individualize the therapeutic and training approach for healthy subjects.

Details

Title
Muscles and Central Neural Networks Involved in Breathing: State of the Art
Author
Bordoni, Bruno 1 ; Escher, Allan R 2 

 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, ITA 
 Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, USA, Anesthesiology/Pain Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA 
University/institution
U.S. National Institutes of Health/National Library of Medicine
Publication year
2025
Publication date
2025
Publisher
Springer Nature B.V.
e-ISSN
21688184
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
3204272278
Copyright
Copyright © 2025, Bordoni et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.