1. Introduction
Tetrabenazine (C19H27NO3), also known by its IUPAC chemical name 3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one, is a synthetic compound classified as a dopamine depleter [1]. It is primarily used to treat neurological disorders and psychiatric disturbances [2]. Notably, tetrabenazine is the only FDA-approved drug for the management of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease [3,4], a condition that helps manage the depletion of dopamine through reversible inhibition of the human vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) [5].
The dosage of tetrabenazine varies based on patient tolerance and therapeutic needs, typically ranging from 12.5 mg to 100 mg per day. However, it can cause several adverse effects, including akathisia, restlessness, parkinsonism, depression, insomnia, anxiety, and intolerable sedation [6]. These side effects underscore the need for the development of new tetrabenazine formulations with enhanced solubility and potentially fewer adverse reactions. Various methods are used to improve the physicochemical properties and bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients, as complexation with beta-cyclodextrin [7,8,9], and the development of new solid forms (ex. polymorphs, cocrystals, salts, and solvates) [10,11]. The obtainment of new crystalline forms of a pharmaceutical involves hydrogen bonds, π···π interactions, and van der Waals contacts [12,13] to enable different packing within the crystal [14]. For example, cocrystals and solvates involve the formation of a new multi-component compound that includes at least one guest molecule in addition to a host molecule, and, usually in salt form, proton transfer occurs from the guest molecule to the host molecule.
In the literature, there are studies on various forms of tetrabenazine, including anhydrous tetrabenazine [15], dihydrotetrabenazine [16], (+)-tetrabenazine (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonate monohydrate [17], and various tetrabenazine derivatives [18]. Despite these efforts, there remains a need for new solid forms of tetrabenazine that offer improved pharmacological properties.
The objective of this study is to prepare novel tetrabenazine-based materials in the form of salts via mechanochemistry, which present enhanced solubility. Mechanochemistry is known to be a suitable method for the preparation of such materials [19]. Various pharmaceutical agents were previously prepared as salts and cocrystals using the mechanochemistry method, such as vinpocetine and vincamine [20,21], praziquantel [22], and etravirine [23]. In this paper, we successfully report the synthesis of three new tetrabenazine salts: oxalate, fumarate, and succinate. These salts were characterized using a variety of techniques, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and UV-VIS spectroscopy to explore their enhancement in solubility.
2. Materials and Methods
Tetrabenazine (317.42 g/mol, purity 98%) was provided by Hangzhou DayangChem Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Carboxylic acids: oxalic acid (126.07 g/mol), fumaric acid (116.072 g/mol), and succinic acid (118.08 g/mol) were supplied by AlfaAesar. The analytical grade of the solvents used were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All reagents and solvents were of analytical grade.
2.1. Tetrabenazine Salts Preparation and Single Crystal Growth
Co-crystallization experiments were conducted by mechanically grinding mixtures of tetrabenazine (0.315 mmol) and the selected carboxylic acid in a ball mill. Equal amounts of tetrabenazine and acid were mixed with a small quantity of solvent, and grinding was performed for 60 min at a frequency of 30 Hz. The solvent was added dropwise, with a 10 min break between two grinding cycles. The solvents used were as follows: 500 µL methanol/water (8:2 v/v) mixture for the fumaric acid (TBZ&FUM) and oxalic acid (TBZ&OXa) combinations and 400 µL tetrahydrofuran/2-propanol (2:1 v/v) mixture for the succinic acid (TBZ&SUC) combination. In the case of using oxalic acid as a coformer, a second TBZ&OXb sample was prepared, using acetonitrile as the wetting solvent, and a milling time of 150 min. After grinding, single crystals suitable for X-ray analysis were grown from saturated solutions of the same solvent, which were kept in the refrigerator for up to three weeks to allow for slow evaporation. In the case of recrystallization of the two samples prepared with oxalic acid, single crystals of acceptable sizes for single-crystal X-ray diffraction were obtained only in the case of recrystallization of the TBZ&OXb sample in acetonitrile. As a result, the crystal and molecular structure were reported for this form, with the notation TBZ&OX.
The molecular scheme of tetrabenazine and the salts prepared are listed below:
(i). Tetrabenazine (denoted TBZ, Figure 1a);
(ii). The oxalate salt of tetrabenazine (denoted TBZ&OX, Figure 1b);
(iii). The fumarate salt of tetrabenazine (denoted TBZ&FUM, Figure 1c);
(iv). The succinate salt of tetrabenazine (denoted TBZ&SUC, Figure 1d).
Detailed structures of tetrabenazine and the investigated salts: tetrabenazine (a), tetrabenazine oxalate (b), tetrabenazine fumarate (c), and tetrabenazine succinate (d).
[Figure omitted. See PDF]
2.2. Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction
Single crystals of the obtained salts through recrystallization were mounted on a dual microsource, SuperNova Cu at home/near, Eos diffractometer (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). Data were collected at 293(2) K using ω scans with Cu Kα radiation. The structures were solved with ShelXT [24] by Intrinsic Phasing and refined using ShelXL [25], which was implemented in Olex2 (version 1.2.10, Durham, UK) [26] as the graphical interface. The diffraction pattern was indexed, and the unit cell was refined using CrysAlisPro (version 40_64.84a, Yarnton, Oxfordshire, UK) [27], with data reduction, scaling, and absorption corrections being applied. Absorption corrections were performed using spherical harmonics and the SCALE3 ABSPACK scaling algorithm.
H atoms attached to carbon atoms were located, treated, and refined as riding atoms, with the isotropic displacement parameter Uiso(H) set to 1.2 Ueq(C) for ternary CH groups [C-H = 0.93 Å], secondary CH2 groups [C-H = 0.97 Å], and 1.5 Ueq(C) for all methyl (CH3) groups [C-H = 0.96 Å]. The H atoms bonded to protonated N atoms were located through Fourier maps and refined with the bond lengths of N-H = 0.96 Å.
2.3. X-Ray Powder Diffraction
X-ray powder patterns were recorded with a Shimadzu 6000 Diffractometer (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan), equipped with a Ni (1,1,1) monochromator placed in front of the detector. Diffractograms were collected in Bragg–Brentano geometry, the reflection variant, in the angular range 2Ɵ: 4–40°, with a step of 0.01°.
2.4. Differential Thermal Analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was conducted using a DSC-60 thermal analyzer (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). The samples were placed in closed aluminum crucibles with perforated lids. The measurements were carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere with a flow rate of 70 mL/min. A heating rate of 10 °C/min was maintained throughout the experiments, and Al2O3 was used as the reference sample.
2.5. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
FTIR measurements were performed with a Jasco 6200 FTIR spectrometer (JASCO Corporation 2967-5, Ishikawa-machi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192-8537, Japan). The investigated samples were prepared in the form of KBr pellets and measured in the spectral range 4000–400 cm−1, with a resolution of 4 cm−1 and 256 scans.
2.6. Stability
The stability assessment was performed using the Memmert Humidity Chamber HCP105 (Memmert Central Europe s.r.o. Bratislava, Slovakia), which offers precise control over both relative humidity (with an accuracy of ±1% RH) and temperature (with an accuracy of ±0.1 °C). Samples were periodically collected from the chamber and analyzed through X-ray powder diffraction to detect any potential structural changes.
2.7. UV Measurements
In vitro, solubility tests were conducted using the Jasco V-650 Spectrometer (Jasco Corporation, Ishikawa-machi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan) with the LV-724 integrating sphere for UV tests on liquids. UV/VIS spectra analysis was performed using JASCO V-650 Spectra Analysis version 1.16.00.
Four stock solutions were prepared by gradually adding deionized water (pH = 6) to approximately 20 mg of each compound until the substance was completely dissolved. After stirring for 24 h at 37 °C ± 1 °C on a magnetic plate (100 rpm), the solutions were filtered through a 0.45 μm syringe filter to remove any undissolved matter. The concentrations of the stock solutions, calculated from the ratio between the mass of the substance and the total volume of water used to completely dissolve it, were as follows: CTBZ = 0.0888 mg/mL, pH = 6.2; CTBZ&OX = 4.3478 mg/mL, pH = 5.4; CTBZ&FUM = 4.2853 mg/mL, pH = 4.8; and CTBZ&SUC = 1.000 mg/mL, pH = 4.7. UV analysis of the solutions was conducted over the wavelength range of 200–500 nm. A quartz cuvette with a path length of 1 cm and a volume of 500 μL was used as the support for UV analyses.
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Crystal Structures
The single crystal diffraction data and refinement details of the three analyzed samples are displayed in Table 1. Molecular diagrams were generated using Mercury software [28], and the representative intermolecular interactions are listed in Table S1 (Supporting Information).
3.1.1. TBZ&OX
The analysis of the TBZ&OX by X-ray diffraction and the electron densities Fourier revealed an interesting observation: the preparation of this compound led to the formation of an oxalate salt of tetrabenazine. This is evidenced by the migration of a hydrogen atom from oxalic acid, resulting in the protonation of the nitrogen atom of tetrabenazine. The asymmetric unit of the newly formed assembly, shown in Figure 2a, consists of an oxalate anion and a tetrabenazinium cation.
In terms of solid-state stability and cohesion, the N1-H1···O4 hydrogen bonds formed between the oxalate ion and the protonated nitrogen atom (N1) of the tetrabenazine molecule play a crucial role. These hydrogen bonds are complemented by C-H···O interactions, extending in the ob direction, where the oxalate ion serves as a bridge (Figure 2b).
3.1.2. TBZ&FUM
Similarly to the TBZ&OX crystal, X-ray analysis and Fourier map analysis of the TBZ&FUM crystal confirmed that the structure is characterized by the protonation of the nitrogen atom (N1) of the tetrabenazine molecule, resulting in the formation of a tetrabenazinium cation, while the fumarate anion undergoes deprotonation (Figure 3a). The stability of the crystal is primarily governed by N1-H1···O4 interactions between the tetrabenazinium cation and the fumarate anion. Additionally, C-H···O interactions, both between tetrabenazinium cations and between fumarate ions, further stabilize the structure, forming chains along the a axis (Figure 3b).
3.1.3. TBZ&SUC
Similarly to the other two crystals, the TBZ&SUC crystal is formed as a salt and is characterized by the deprotonation of succinic acid, with the proton migrating to the nitrogen atom (N1) of tetrabenazine (Figure 4a). The succinate anion adopts a bent and twisted configuration, which, in contrast to the other two crystals, leads to the formation of the intramolecular hydrogen bond O7-H7···O5. Additionally, positional disorder is observed at the carbon atom C22. The protonated nitrogen atom (N1) participates in hydrogen bonding (N1-H1···O4) with the succinate ion, while other intermolecular interactions, such as C-H···O contacts, contribute to the overall crystal cohesion. These interactions occur between the carboxylate group and neighboring tetrabenazinium ions, as well as between tetrabenazinium ions themselves. The crystal packing along the b axis is presented in Figure 4b.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis concludes that the protonation of nitrogen atom of tetrabenazine molecules from the guest carboxylic acids occurs in all three crystals, providing the essential info that the newly obtained adducts are found in the form of salts instead of cocrystals and the supramolecular architectures are governed by N-H···O hydrogen bonds between the protonated nitrogen of tetrabenazinium cations with the deprotonated carboxylated anions and completed by various C-H···O and O-H···O interactions.
3.2. Powder X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
The diffractograms of the four samples prepared by mechanical grinding are presented in Figure 5. and compared with the initial ingredients.
The comparison of the samples obtained from tetrabenazines with oxalic acid (Figure 5a) revealed that in the case of the TBZ&OXa sample ground with a methanol/water mixture, the unreacted substance remains, only the TBZ&OXb form, ground with acetonitrile and for a longer time, is a new pure form. The difference between the two solid forms of tetrabenazines with oxalic acid indicates that both the solvent used to wet the ingredients and the time of the mortar process play an important role in the process of obtaining a new solid form. The pure form was obtained when acetonitrile was used, and a long mortar time of 150 min was used [22]. In the following, for simplicity, this form will be denoted as TBZ&OX.
Analysis of the diffractograms of the milled samples TBZ&OX, TBZ&SUC (Figure 5b), and TBZ&FUM (Figure 5c) highlights the presence of well-defined diffraction peaks, which do not correspond to the raw materials, confirming the absence of unreacted compounds. The new diffraction peaks identified in the diffraction patterns of the milled samples further validate the formation of new solid forms of tetrabenazine. Comparisons between the X-ray diffractograms of the materials obtained by the mechanochemistry method and those simulated from CIF files on single crystals confirm that the samples obtained by the mechanochemistry method and those obtained by mechanochemistry followed by recrystallization are the same (Figure 5d).
3.3. DSC Thermal Analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) can be used to detect and investigate the successful preparation of new crystals, including co-crystals, salts, and solvates. This is often indicated by a melting point that differs from that of the starting material. Such changes are attributed to alterations in the intermolecular interactions and the arrangement of molecules within the crystal lattice [29,30,31,32].
3.3.1. TBZ&OX
The DSC curve of tetrabenazine (Figure 6) shows a sharp endothermic peak at approximately 130.6 °C, which corresponds to the melting point of the compound [33]. Additionally, an endothermic signal with a maximum of 282.5 °C is observed, indicating the decomposition of tetrabenazine.
The DSC diagram of oxalic acid shows a broad endothermic peak with a maximum at 92.6 °C, which is associated with the release of water molecules from the crystal lattice [34]. The subsequent endothermic peak observed at 196.6 °C corresponds to its melting point. In contrast, the thermogram of the newly prepared TBZ&OX salt exhibits an endothermic peak at 171.8 °C, indicating its melting point (Figure 6).
3.3.2. TBZ&FUM
The DSC curve of fumaric acid (Figure 7) exhibits a broad endothermic peak, starting around 200 °C, with a maximum at 269 °C, which is attributed to its melting point.
In contrast, the DSC curve of the newly prepared TBZ&FUM salt (Figure 7) displays thermal behavior that reflects its melting point, which is recorded at 165.5 °C. This value lies between the melting points of the starting materials, demonstrating the formation of a new solid form.
3.3.3. TBZ&SUC
The DSC thermogram of succinic acid (Figure 8) shows a sharp endothermic peak at 193.2 °C, corresponding to its melting point. Additionally, a broad endothermic peak appears at 215 °C, which is associated with decomposition.
The DSC curve of the newly obtained TBZ&SUC salt exhibits an endothermic peak at 134.3 °C, which differs from the melting points of the individual starting materials: 130.6 °C for pure tetrabenazine and 193 °C for succinic acid (Figure 8). This indicates the formation of a new solid form with a distinct melting point.
In conclusion, the DSC thermal analysis demonstrates that the newly prepared salts have distinct melting points compared to the starting materials (both tetrabenazine and the carboxylic acids used). Notably, for all three new salts, the melting point lies between those of tetrabenazine and the coformer.
3.4. Stability of the New Tetrabenazine-Based Salts
The instability of a particular new solid form, such as polymorphs, cocrystals, and salts, can be seen as a drawback, as phase transitions between these solid forms during prolonged storage may alter the drug’s physical state, potentially impacting its shelf life and effectiveness. Therefore, it is crucial to store the crystalline forms in a controlled environment with specific humidity and temperature conditions (75% relative humidity and 40 °C) to evaluate their stability. The new salt samples were stored for up to 20 weeks in a climatic chamber, with powder X-ray diffraction patterns recorded at four-week and twenty-week intervals.
Since the XRD analysis showed that traces of unreacted raw materials remained in the TBZ&OXa sample, this sample was kept in the climatic chamber to test whether, by storing it in extreme temperature and humidity conditions, the interaction between the ingredients continues. From the comparison of the diffractograms obtained on the TBZ&OXa sample before and after the climatic chamber, with the diffractogram of the TBZ&OXb sample (obtained with acetonitrile) (Figure 9a), it is found that the sample TBZ&OXa (obtained whit methanol/water) tends to transform into the stable form TBZ&OXb-identical to the single crystal form.
From the stability tests on the other two new solid forms TBZ&FUM and TBZ&SUC, by comparing the diffractograms of the samples before and after keeping in the climate, it resulted that they do not suffer significant structural changes during this period, which suggests that the samples remained stable and did not undergo phase transitions (Figure 9b,c).
3.5. FTIR Spectroscopy
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a valuable technique for studying new solid forms, including co-crystals, salts, and solvates. FTIR provides important insights into the molecular vibrations and functional groups within a compound, making it particularly useful for distinguishing between different solid forms.
In the FTIR spectrum of pure tetrabenazine (Figure 10), several characteristic vibrations are observed, corresponding to the functional groups present in the molecule. At 3377 cm−1, a low-intensity band is detected, which is associated with the O-H stretching vibration, likely due to the presence of surface water. In the frequency range of 2992 to 2725 cm−1, a series of bands are observed, mainly attributed to the C-H stretching vibrations of the methyl and methylene groups in the tetrabenazine molecule [35].
The sharp absorption band located at 1701 cm−1 in the TBZ spectrum can be assigned to the C=O carbonyl group stretching vibration [14]. Additionally, the C=C stretching vibration from the benzene ring is observed between 1610, 1517, and 1465 cm−1 [14]. The stretching vibration of the amine group C-N is observed at 1228 cm−1, and the vibration at 1262 and 1108 cm−1 is associated with the stretching vibration of the aromatic ether C-O-C [4,35].
3.5.1. TBZ&OX
The FTIR spectrum of oxalic acid (Figure 10) displays a broad band at 3430 cm−1, which can be attributed to the O-H vibrations of both water molecules incorporated in the network and the carboxyl groups. The wavenumber at 1692 cm−1 corresponds to the C=O stretching vibration of the carboxyl group.
In the spectrum of the TBZ&OX salt (Figure 10), the O-H vibrations characteristic of the oxalate anion is observed at 3421 cm−1. The stretching bands of the C-H groups are identified between 3007 and 2870 cm−1. The protonation of the nitrogen atom in the tetrabenazine molecule is highlighted by a broad band at 2543 cm−1, which corresponds to the N-H group. The C=O stretching vibration of the newly formed complex is observed at 1718 cm−1, while the C=C stretching vibrations in the aromatic rings appear at 1614 and 1520 cm−1.
3.5.2. TBZ&FUM
The FTIR spectrum of fumaric acid (Figure 11) exhibits a very broad band, extending from 3350 cm−1 with a maximum at 3080 cm−1, which is attributed to the O-H stretching vibration of the carboxyl groups. Bands recorded between 3001 and 2531 cm−1 correspond to the C-H stretching vibrations. The carbonyl C=O group is identified by a broad band at 1677 cm−1.
In the spectrum of the new TBZ&FUM adduct (Figure 11), a broad band with a peak at 3438 cm−1 is observed, which is attributed to the O-H stretching vibration of the fumarate anion. The bands associated with C-H stretching vibrations are observed between 2995 and 2866 cm−1, originating from both the fumarate anion and the tetrabenazinium cation. The new broadband at 2450 cm−1 in the TBZ&FUM spectrum can be related to the N-H vibration of the protonated nitrogen atom in the tetrabenazinium cation, which is absent in the tetrabenazine spectrum.
The carbonyl group C=O vibrations from both the tetrabenazinium cation and the fumarate anion are observed at 1716 and 1663 cm−1, respectively. The C=C stretching vibrations are detected between 1611 and 1520 cm−1.
3.5.3. TBZ&SUC
The FTIR spectrum of succinic acid (Figure 12) shows a broad peak at approximately 3400 cm−1, which corresponds to the hydroxyl O-H stretching vibrations of the carboxyl groups. The bands found between 3036 and 2542 cm−1 are attributed to the C-H vibrations, while the C=O stretching vibration is observed at 1696 cm−1.
In the spectrum of the TBZ&SUC salt (Figure 12), the band at 3467 cm−1 is associated with the O-H vibration of the hydroxyl group in the succinate anion. The bands found between 2963 and 2867 cm−1 correspond to C-H vibrations. The broad peak at 2402 cm−1 is linked to the N-H stretching vibration of the protonated tetrabenazinium cation. The C=O stretching vibration is observed at 1714 cm−1, and the C=C stretching vibrations are found at 1610 and 1521 cm−1.
3.6. In Vitro Solubility Assessment
Stock solutions of the pure tetrabenazine and the new salts (CTBZ = 0.0888 mg/mL, CTBZ&OX = 4.3478 mg/mL, CTBZ&FUM = 4.2853 mg/mL, and CTBZ&SUC = 1.000 mg/mL) were analyzed using UV-VIS spectroscopy in the 190–500 nm range. From the analysis of the spectra, it was observed that, unlike tetrabenazine, all the new salts exhibited supersaturation, with their spectra exceeding the spectral limits. To determine the wavelength at which the absorbance was maximum, the stock solutions were diluted to various concentrations, and the UV-VIS spectra were recorded. The dilution concentrations and UV-VIS spectra are provided in Figures S1–S4 (Supporting Information).
The maximum absorbance wavelength was determined to be λ = 283 nm for all the compounds. Calibration curves were constructed for five different concentrations of the diluted solutions, using the 283 nm wavelength.
From the quantitative analysis based on these calibration curves, the concentrations of the diluted solutions were determined. A small difference between the experimental concentration (calculated from the initial amount of dissolved sample) and the concentration obtained from the filtered solutions was noted. This difference represents the mass of the substance lost during the filtration process (see Table S2, Supporting Information).
4. Conclusions
Three new salts of tetrabenazine, namely oxalate, fumarate, and succinate, were successfully synthesized and analyzed. Their crystal structures were determined, revealing that all three forms are centrosymmetric: the oxalate salt adopts a monoclinic structure, while the fumarate and succinate salts are triclinic. The formation of these salts involves the deprotonation of carboxylic acids and the migration of a hydrogen atom to the nitrogen of the tetrabenazine molecule. The supramolecular architectures are stabilized by N-H···O hydrogen bonding interactions between the host (tetrabenazine) and guest (carboxylate anion) molecules, being further complemented by C-H···O and O-H···O interactions.
X-ray powder diffraction analysis confirmed the purity of the newly prepared salts and demonstrated their stability under specific conditions, without undergoing phase transitions. DSC thermal analysis revealed that each salt has distinct melting points, differentiating them from the starting materials. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provided insight into the protonation of the nitrogen atom in the tetrabenazine molecule.
From a pharmaceutical perspective, UV-VIS spectroscopy indicated that the newly obtained salts exhibit significantly higher aqueous solubility compared to the original tetrabenazine form, suggesting potential improvements in bioavailability for therapeutic applications.
Conceptualization, A.T. and M.M.-P.; methodology, A.T. and M.M.-P.; software, validation, A.T., M.M.-P., V.S. and G.B.; formal analysis, M.M.-P.; investigation, A.T., M.M.-P., V.S. and G.B.; resources, M.M.-P.; data curation, A.T.; writing—original draft preparation, A.T. and M.M.-P.; writing—review and editing, A.T. and M.M.-P.; visualization, M.M.-P. and A.T.; supervision, V.S. and G.B.; project administration, M.M.-P.; funding acquisition, M.M.-P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Data is contained within the article and
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Footnotes
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Figure 2 Asymmetric unit of TBZ&OX displaying the atoms as thermal ellipsoids at 50% probability (a); crystal packing view in the direction of the a-axis (b).
Figure 3 Asymmetric unit of TBZ&FUM displaying the atoms as thermal ellipsoids at 50% probability (a); crystal packing view in the direction of a-axis (b).
Figure 4 Asymmetric unit of TBZ&SUC displaying the atoms as thermal ellipsoids at 50% probability (a); crystal packing view in the direction of b-axis (b).
Figure 5 X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the new salts: TBZ&OX (a), TBZ&FUM (b), and TBZ&SUC (c), compared with the starting materials. The diffractograms of the new salts obtained experimentally, compared with the simulated diffractograms from the CIFs of their structures (d).
Figure 6 DSC thermogram of oxalic acid, tetrabenazine, and the oxalate salt of tetrabenazine.
Figure 7 DSC thermogram of fumaric acid, tetrabenazine, and the fumarate salt of tetrabenazine.
Figure 8 DSC thermogram of succinic acid, tetrabenazine, and the succinate salt of tetrabenazine.
Figure 9 X-ray diffraction patterns comparison for the samples kept in the climatic chamber up to 20 weeks: TBZ&OX (a); TBZ&FUM (b); and TBZ&SUC (c).
Figure 10 FTIR spectra comparison of oxalic acid, tetrabenazine, and the new oxalate salt of tetrabenazine in the higher frequency region (a) and the fingerprint region (b), respectively.
Figure 11 FTIR spectra comparison of fumaric acid, tetrabenazine, and the new fumarate salt of tetrabenazine, in the higher frequency region (a) and the fingerprint region (b), respectively.
Figure 12 FTIR spectra comparison of succinic acid, tetrabenazine, and the new succinate salt of tetrabenazine, in the higher frequency region (a) and the fingerprint region (b), respectively.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data of the tetrabenazine salts.
| Crystal | TBZ&OX | TBZ&FUM | TBZ&SUC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Formula | C19H28NO3+●C2HO4− | C19H28NO3+●C4H3O4− | C19H28NO3+●C4H5O4− |
| Dcalc./g cm−3 | 1.290 | 1.268 | 1.259 |
| µ/mm−1 | 0.802 | 0.773 | 0.766 |
| Formula Weight | 407.45 | 433.49 | 434.66 |
| T/K | 293(2) | 293(2) | 293(2) |
| Crystal System | monoclinic | triclinic | triclinic |
| Space Group | P21/c | P-1 | P-1 |
| a/Å | 5.6753(4) | 6.3043(7) | 10.0954(18) |
| b/Å | 15.6643(8) | 12.0998(10) | 10.399(2) |
| c/Å | 23.6427(17) | 15.8475(12) | 11.1625(15) |
| α/° | 90 | 78.934(7) | 87.063(15) |
| β/° | 93.583(7) | 79.640(8) | 80.658(13) |
| γ/° | 90 | 75.039(8) | 82.728(17) |
| V/Å3 | 2097.7(2) | 1135.30(18) | 1146.5(4) |
| Z | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Z’ | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Wavelength/Å | 1.54184 | 1.54184 | 1.54184 |
| Radiation type | Cu Kα | Cu Kα | Cu Kα |
| ϴmin/° | 3.387 | 2.868 | 4.015 |
| ϴmax/° | 71.333 | 71.067 | 71.146 |
| Measured Refl. | 13,425 | 7172 | 7084 |
| Independent Refl. | 4027 | 4289 | 4315 |
| Reflections with I > 2(I) | 2603 | 2360 | 2479 |
| Rint | 0.0433 | 0.0498 | 0.0530 |
| Parameters | 272 | 293 | 295 |
| Restraints | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Largest Peak | 0.152 | 0.308 | 0.365 |
| Deepest Hole | −0.171 | −0.294 | −0.332 |
| GooF | 1.182 | 1.030 | 1.047 |
| wR2 (all data) | 0.2186 | 0.2611 | 0.2791 |
| wR2 | 0.1987 | 0.1954 | 0.2227 |
| R1 (all data) | 0.1013 | 0.1160 | 0.1196 |
| R1 | 0.0624 | 0.0680 | 0.0821 |
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at:
1. Login, I.S.; Cronin, M.J.; Macleod, R.M. Tetrabenazine Has Properties of a Dopamine Receptor Antagonist. Ann. Neurol.; 1982; 12, pp. 257-262. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410120308]
2. Leung, J.G.; Breden, E.L. Tetrabenazina Para El Tratamiento de Discinesia Tardía. Ann. Pharmacother.; 2011; 45, pp. 525-531. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1P312]
3. Ray, P.C.; Pawar, Y.D.; Singare, D.T.; Deshpande, T.N.; Singh, G.P. Novel Process for Preparation of Tetrabenazine and Deutetrabenazine. Org. Process Res. Dev.; 2018; 22, pp. 520-526. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00011]
4. Ettouati, L.; Senta-Loys, Z.; Bourgeois, S.; Fenet, B.; Le Borgne, M.; Fessi, H. Behaviour of Tetrabenazine in Acid Medium: Reassessment and Impact on Formulation. Pharmaceutics; 2019; 11, 44. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11010044]
5. Schneider, F.; Stamler, D.; Bradbury, M.; Loupe, P.S.; Hellriegel, E.; Cox, D.S.; Savola, J.M.; Gordon, M.F.; Rabinovich-Guilatt, L. Pharmacokinetics of Deutetrabenazine and Tetrabenazine: Dose Proportionality and Food Effect. Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev.; 2021; 10, pp. 647-659. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.882] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33038289]
6. Soares-Weiser, K.; Fernandez, H.H. Tardive Dyskinesia. Semin. Neurol.; 2007; 27, pp. 159-169. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971169]
7. Davey, R.J. Polymorphism in Molecular Crystals Joel Bernstein. Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. Cryst. Growth Des.; 2002; 2, pp. 675-676. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg020039a]
8. Turza, A.; Borodi, G.; Miclaus, M.; Muresan-Pop, M. Exploring the Polymorphism of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator YK11. J. Mol. Struct.; 2023; 1273, 134281. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134281]
9. Chistyakov, D.; Sergeev, G. The Polymorphism of Drugs: New Approaches to the Synthesis of Nanostructured Polymorphs. Pharmaceutics; 2020; 12, 34. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12010034]
10. Loftsson, T. Drug Solubilization by Complexation. Int. J. Pharm.; 2017; 531, pp. 276-280. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.087]
11. Loftsson, T.; Duchêne, D. Cyclodextrins and Their Pharmaceutical Applications. Int. J. Pharm.; 2007; 329, pp. 1-11. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.10.044] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17137734]
12. Martin, F.; Pop, M.; Kacso, I.; Grosu, I.G.; Miclǎuş, M.; Vodnar, D.; Lung, I.; Filip, G.A.; Olteanu, E.D.; Moldovan, R.
13. Vippagunta, S.R.; Brittain, H.G.; Grant, D.J.W. Crystalline Solids. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.; 2001; 48, pp. 3-26. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00097-7] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11325474]
14. Liu, C.; Chen, Z.; Li, X.; Tang, J. A Concise Synthesis of Tetrabenazine and Its Crystal Structure. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.; 2012; 557, pp. 39-49. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2011.627764]
15. Paek, S.M.; Kim, N.J.; Shin, D.; Jung, J.K.; Jung, J.W.; Chang, D.J.; Moon, H.; Suh, Y.G. A Concise Total Synthesis of (+)-Tetrabenazine and (+)-α-Dihydrotetrabenazine. Chem. A Eur. J.; 2010; 16, pp. 4623-4628. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.200902591]
16. Yu, Q.; Luo, W.; Deschamps, J.; Holloway, H.W.; Kopajtic, T.; Katz, J.L.; Brossi, A.; Greig, N.H. Preparation and Characterization of Tetrabenazine Enantiomers against Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2. ACS Med. Chem. Lett.; 2010; 1, pp. 105-109. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ml1000189]
17. Kukor, A.J.; Depner, N.; Cai, I.; Tucker, J.L.; Culhane, J.C.; Hein, J.E. Enantioselective Synthesis of (−)-Tetrabenazine via Continuous Crystallization-Induced Diastereomer Transformation. Chem. Sci.; 2022; 13, pp. 10765-10772. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D2SC01825J]
18. Liu, C.; Chen, Z.; Li, X.; Tang, J.; Qin, X. (+)-9-Benzyloxy-α-Dihydrotetrabenazine as an Important Intermediate for the VMAT2 Imaging Agents: Absolute Configuration and Chiral Recognition. Chirality; 2013; 25, pp. 215-223. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.22126]
19. Hasa, D.; Voinovich, D.; Perissutti, B.; Grassi, M.; Bonifacio, A.; Sergo, V.; Cepek, C.; Chierotti, M.R.; Gobetto, R.; Dall’Acqua, S.
20. Fischer, F.; Heidrich, A.; Greiser, S.; Benemann, S.; Rademann, K.; Emmerling, F. Polymorphism of Mechanochemically Synthesized Cocrystals: A Case Study. Cryst. Growth Des.; 2016; 16, pp. 1701-1707. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01776]
21. Hasa, D.; Perissutti, B.; Cepek, C.; Bhardwaj, S.; Carlino, E.; Grassi, M.; Invernizzi, S.; Voinovich, D. Drug Salt Formation via Mechanochemistry: The Case Study of Vincamine. Mol. Pharm.; 2013; 10, pp. 211-224. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mp300371f] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23186380]
22. Mureşan-Pop, M.; Simon, S.; Bodoki, E.; Simon, V.; Turza, A.; Todea, M.; Vulpoi, A.; Magyari, K.; Iacob, B.C.; Bărăian, A.I.
23. Muresan-Pop, M.; Vulpoi, A.; Simon, V.; Todea, M.; Magyari, K.; Pap, Z.; Simion, A.; Filip, C.; Simon, S. Co-Crystals of Etravirine by Mechanochemical Activation. J. Pharm. Sci.; 2022; 111, pp. 1178-1186. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.023]
24. Sheldrick, G.M. SHELXT—Integrated Space-Group and Crystal-Structure Determination. Acta Crystallogr. A; 2015; 71, pp. 3-8. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S2053273314026370]
25. Sheldrick, G.M. Crystal Structure Refinement with SHELXL. Acta Crystallogr. C Struct. Chem.; 2015; 71, pp. 3-8. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S2053229614024218] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25567568]
26. Dolomanov, O.V.; Bourhis, L.J.; Gildea, R.J.; Howard, J.A.K.; Puschmann, H. OLEX2: A Complete Structure Solution, Refinement and Analysis Program. J. Appl. Crystallogr.; 2009; 42, pp. 339-341. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889808042726]
27. CrysAlisPro. Data Collection and Processing Software for Agilent X-Ray Diffractometers User Manual; revision 5.2 Read the Main Diffractometer User Manual, in Particular the Health and Safety Information, before Operating CrysAlisPro with the Diffractometer Agilent Technologies, XRD Products: Yarnton, UK, 2013.
28. MacRae, C.F.; Sovago, I.; Cottrell, S.J.; Galek, P.T.A.; McCabe, P.; Pidcock, E.; Platings, M.; Shields, G.P.; Stevens, J.S.; Towler, M.
29. Sulistyowaty, M.I.; Setyawan, D.; Prameswari, P.P.M.; Susilo, R.J.K.; Amrillah, T.; Zaini, E.; Zidan, S.A.H. A Comparison Study between Green Synthesis of Microwave Irradiation and Solvent Evaporation Methods in The Formation of P-Methoxycinnamic Acid-Succinic Acid Cocrystals. Sci. Technol. Indones.; 2024; 9, pp. 629-636. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.3.629-636]
30. Buddhadev, S.S.; Garala, K.C. Pharmaceutical Cocrystals—A Review. Proceedings; 2020; 62, 14. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020062014]
31. Guo, M.; Sun, X.; Chen, J.; Cai, T. Pharmaceutical Cocrystals: A Review of Preparations, Physicochemical Properties and Applications. Acta Pharm. Sin. B; 2021; 11, pp. 2537-2564. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.030]
32. Nijhawan, M.; Godugu, M.; Saxena, T.; Farheen, T.; Dwivedi, K. Pharmaceutical Co-Crystals of Posaconazole for Improvement of Physicochemical Properties. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.; 2022; 58, e191024. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e191024]
33. Sommer, A.; Zhang, C.; Carter, J.; Bradbury, M.; Gant, T.; Shahbaz, M. Formulations Pharmacokinetics of Deuterated Benzoquinoline Inhibitors of Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2. Patent; EP2897615A4, 27 April 2016.
34. Onija, O.; Borodi, G.; Kacso, I.; Pop, M.N.; Dadarlat, D.; Bratu, I.; Jumate, N. Preparation and Characterization of Urea-Oxalic Acid Solid Form. Proceedings of the AIP Conference Proceedings; Cluj Napoca, Romania, 29 September–1 October 2011; Volume 1425, pp. 35-38.
35. Socrates, G. Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies; John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.: Chichester, UK, 2004; ISBN 978-0-470-09307-8
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Details
; Simon, Viorica 2 ; Borodi Gheorghe 3 ; Turza Alexandru 3
1 Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Contrast Agents and Specific Therapeutics Center—INSPIRE Platform, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2 Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, 1, Kogalniceanu, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected]
3 National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected]