Burden of severe periodontitis: new insights based on a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Abstract

Background

Severe periodontitis is a significant public health concern. This study aimed to systematically analyze its burden by utilizing the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021 data and multiple analytical approaches, with the goal of providing evidence to reduce the disease burden and improve health inequalities.

Methods

The burden of severe periodontitis at different levels was analyzed using prevalence as the metric, combined with the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Analyses incorporated including frontier analysis to estimate achievable outcomes and potential improvement spaces for disease burden, slope and concentration indexes to evaluate health inequalities, decomposition analysis to identify key drivers of changes in disease burden, and Joinpoint regression analysis and estimated annual percentage change to examine temporal trends over time.

Results

In 2021, the global age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of severe periodontitis was 12,498.3 (95% UI: 10,526.8 to 14,493.4) per 100,000 population, with more than one billion people worldwide affected. Regardless of development level, most countries have significant potential to reduce severe periodontitis burden. High SDI countries bear a disproportionately large burden, with inequalities worsening over time. From 1990 to 2021, global cases of severe periodontitis increased by 91.54%, driven mainly by population growth (66.15%) and aging (30.84%). Among SDI regions, population was the primary contributor to the increase, with the largest impact (134.48%) in low SDI region. Aging contributed between 13.69% (low SDI region) and 37.21% (middle SDI region). Epidemiological change significantly affected only low SDI region (-48.17%). In 16 of 21 GBD regions, population growth was the primary driver of rising cases. Case numbers rose across all age groups, with a more pronounced increase among older adults, particularly in high SDI region. During the period, ASPRs in low and low-middle SDI regions consistently above the global average, which was higher than those in high and high-middle SDI regions but close to middle SDI region, with a clear decline observed in low SDI regions.

Conclusions

Severe periodontitis remains a major global health challenge, with substantial and growing burden, widening inequalities, and untapped opportunities for improvement. There is an urgent need for targeted policies and preventive strategies to address severe periodontitis effectively.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.