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© 2025 by the authors. Published by MDPI on behalf of the International Institute of Knowledge Innovation and Invention. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

This paper presents the development and validation of a high-resolution photonic and wireless monitoring system for knee-referenced gait cycle analysis. The proposed system integrates a single optical Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor with a resonance wavelength of 1547.76 nm and electronic modules with inertial and magnetic sensors, achieving a 10 p.m. wavelength resolution and 1° angular accuracy. The innovative combination of these components enables a direct correlation between wavelength variations and angular measurements without requiring goniometers or motion capture systems. The system’s practicality and versatility were demonstrated through tests with seven healthy individuals of varying physical attributes, showcasing consistent performance across different scenarios. The FBG sensor, embedded in a polymeric foil and attached to an elastic knee band, maintained full sensing capabilities while allowing easy placement on the knee. The wireless modules, positioned above and below the knee, accurately measured the angle formed by the femur and tibia during the gait cycle. The experimental prototype validated the system’s effectiveness in providing precise and reliable knee kinematics data for clinical and sports-related applications.

Details

Title
The Development and Validation of a High-Resolution Photonic and Wireless System for Knee Gait Cycle Monitoring
Author
Rocha Rui Pedro Leitão da Silva 1 ; Amorim Marcio Luís Munhoz 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Moreira, Melkzedekue Alcântara 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Gazziro Mario 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Cavallari, Marco Roberto 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; de Almeida Luciana Oliveira 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Ando Junior Oswaldo Hideo 7   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; do Carmo João Paulo Pereira 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Department of Industrial Electronics, Centro Algoritmi, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; [email protected] 
 Group of Metamaterials Microwaves and Optics (GMeta), Department of Electrical Engineering (SEL), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, Nr. 400, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil; [email protected] 
 Department of Mechanical Engineering (SEM), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil; [email protected] 
 Information Engineering Group, Department of Engineering and Social Sciences (CECS), Federal Univesity of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil; [email protected] 
 Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering (DEEB), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (FEEC), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Albert Einstein 400, Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; [email protected] 
 Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Riberao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Riberao Preto 14040-903, Brazil; [email protected] 
 Research Group on Energy & Energy Sustainability (GPEnSE), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Cabo de Santo Agostinho 54518-430, Brazil; [email protected] 
First page
80
Publication year
2025
Publication date
2025
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
25715577
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
3223870253
Copyright
© 2025 by the authors. Published by MDPI on behalf of the International Institute of Knowledge Innovation and Invention. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.