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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Japanese encephalitis (JE), a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), remains a significant public health threat in Asia. Although vaccination programs have successfully reduced the incidence of JE, challenges persist in the adult population, and the emergence of rare JEV genotypes poses additional risks. In this study, a phylogenetic analysis of the whole JEV genome sequence, along with a temporal–spatial analysis of isolates and a host–vector analysis, was used to examine the changes in JEV transmission dynamics before and after 2012. The results revealed persistent differences between the dominant G1 and G3 genotypes, as well as the re-emergence of G4 and G5 genotypes. Although JEV has been detected in non-traditional vectors and atypical mammalian hosts, Culex tritaeniorhynchus and pigs remain the primary vector and amplifying host, respectively. These findings underscore the need to enhance existing JEV genotype surveillance while addressing emerging threats from genotype diversity, host expansion, and geographic spread.

Details

Title
Spatiotemporal Distribution and Host–Vector Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Author
Yin Qikai 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Li, Bin 2 ; Wang Ruichen 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Nie Kai 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Fu Shihong 1 ; Xu, Songtao 1 ; Li, Fan 1 ; Cui Qianqian 1 ; Liu, Dan 3 ; Wang, Huanyu 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Liang Guodong 1 

 National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; [email protected] (Q.Y.); [email protected] (R.W.); [email protected] (K.N.); [email protected] (S.F.); [email protected] (S.X.); [email protected] (F.L.); [email protected] (Q.C.) 
 Taishan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271000, China; [email protected] 
 School of Biological Engineering, Bayingol Vocational and Technical College, Korla 841000, China; [email protected] 
First page
815
Publication year
2025
Publication date
2025
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
19994915
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
3223946487
Copyright
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.