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Introduction
Diesel engines are used as power sources in transportation, agriculture, manufacturing, and construction due to their robustness and greater fuel conversion efficiency compared to petrol engines. Moreover, in the last two decades, the use of high-pressure electronically controlled fuel injection systems alongside the implementation of modern aftertreatment systems resulted in diesel engines’ significant emissions of NOx and soot reduction. Moreover, engine manufacturers and researchers are creating alternative combustion models using new fuels for diesel engines governed by diffusion combustion in response to stricter exhaust pollution regulations1. The inclusion of a high octane number (ON) fuel prior to induction and compression, followed by ignition via the injected diesel fuel, has demonstrated an improvement in premixture homogeneity in the advanced engine modification approach2. Compression ignition(CI) engines produce exhaust emissions that are heavily influenced by the fuel type used. Changing fuels may therefore lower these pollutants. In an effort to reduce exhaust emissions, several research have suggested mixing diesel with other fuels that include oxygen(O2) or infusing these fuels straight into the combustion chamber3. The depletion of conventional fuels, increasing prices, and growing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) have all boosted demand for environmentally acceptable, cost-effective, renewable energy that decreases GHG. Thus, fossil fuels must be replaced with other fuels. To solve existing issues and prevent climate change, diesel must be replaced with a sustainable fuel. In addition, biofuels like biodiesel, which has become a viable fossil fuel alternative, enhance combustion and decrease GHG4. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly, non-combustible, non-toxic, renewable, and biodegradable alternative energy source. The growing countries with huge population need to get its biofuel from a source that can’t be eaten, like the Mahua tree, which is also called madhuca indica5. One of the most popular vegetable oils, mahua oil, offers diesel like qualities, such as a greater cetane number (CN) and a higher calorific value (CV). As a result, it might be used as a substitute fuel for CI engines. Panigrahi et al. investigated the effects of a diesel fuel additive that included mahua biodiesel on performance, emissions, and health. On the other hand, issues such as higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and higher NOx pollution make them less useful...