Abstract
Temperate coastal marine ecosystems have undergone severe global loss and degradation. We provide a framework for considering ecological connectivity in marine systems and evidence for ecological connectivity across temperate coastal seascapes, developed through expert consensus and structured review. We demonstrate that ecosystem functioning and the delivery of ecosystem services require the existence of a healthy mosaic of coastal habitats, maintained by the exchanges of matter and energy between them. We advocate a seascape approach, that restores connectivity and optimal structure-function relationships, is crucial for successful ecosystem restoration. Consequently, we provide recommendations to deliver seascape restoration of coastal habitats to support the targets set by the 2021-30 UN Decades of Ocean Science and Ecosystem Restoration. Acknowledging the interconnected nature of coastal ecosystems has implications for policy. We identify opportunities and actions to support nature recovery and integrate policy frameworks across climate and biodiversity agendas to achieve international goals for planetary resilience.
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1 University of Portsmouth, Institute of Marine Sciences, School of the Environment and Life Sciences, Portsmouth, UK (GRID:grid.4701.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 6636)
2 Regent’s Park, Zoological Society of London (ZSL), London, UK (GRID:grid.20419.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2242 7273)
3 University of Essex, School of Life Sciences, Colchester, UK (GRID:grid.8356.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0942 6946)
4 Environment Centre Wales, UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK (GRID:grid.494924.6)
5 Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Dauphin Island, USA (GRID:grid.287582.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9413 8991)
6 Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester, UK (GRID:grid.25627.34) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 5329)
7 URI Graduate School of Oceanography, The Nature Conservancy, Narragansett, USA (GRID:grid.422375.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0591 6771)
8 Loc. Addaura, Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAS-CNR), Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo 4521, Palermo, Italy (GRID:grid.5326.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1940 4177)
9 Somerset House, Blue Marine Foundation, South Building, London, UK (GRID:grid.499732.2)
10 University of Oxford, Oxford Seascape Ecology Lab, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford, UK (GRID:grid.4991.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8948); Seascape Analytics Ltd, Plymouth, UK (GRID:grid.4991.5)
11 The Nature Conservancy Australia, Carlton, Australia (GRID:grid.4991.5)
12 Esmée Fairbairn Foundation, London, UK (GRID:grid.453248.c) (ISNI:0000 0000 8741 0125)
13 University of Exeter, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Cornwall, UK (GRID:grid.8391.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8024)
14 Swansea University, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea, UK (GRID:grid.4827.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0658 8800); Brackla Industrial Estate, Project Seagrass, Unit 1, Garth Drive, Bridgend, UK (GRID:grid.508736.f)
15 Menai Bridge, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Isle of Anglesey, UK (GRID:grid.7362.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 1882 0937)
16 Plymouth, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Devon, UK (GRID:grid.22319.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2106 2153)
17 University of Oxford, Oxford Seascape Ecology Lab, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford, UK (GRID:grid.4991.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8948)
18 University of Cambridge, Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge, UK (GRID:grid.5335.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 5934)
19 University of Edinburgh, Changing Oceans Group, School of Geosciences, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988)