Anterior bone loss after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: influence factors and its impact on surgical outcomes

Abstract

Background

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has been regarded as a standard procedure to treat Cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). Anterior bone loss (ABL), observed at the anterior vertebral body of the operative segment, usually considered to occur only after cervical disc replacement. However, some research showed ABL appears to be similarly prevalent following ACDF. Despite this recognition, the precise mechanisms and implications of ABL on surgical efficacy remain uncertain.

Methods

A total of 90 patients who underwent single-level ACDF using Zero-P with a minimum follow-up of at least one year were retrospectively reviewed. ABL was measured and classified into four grades according to Kieser’s methods. According to that, the patients were grouped into none-mild ABL group and moderate-severe ABL group. Baseline data, clinical evaluation, and radiological parameters were recorded and compared.

Results

Of the 90 patients, 57 (63.3%) developed ABL postoperatively. Among them, 16 cases (28.06%) were mild, 26 cases (45.64%) were moderate, and 15 cases (26.30%) were severe. Univariate Analysis (P = 0.008) and Logistic Regression (P = 0.006) revealed significant differences in body mass index (BMI) between the moderate-severe ABL group and none-mild group. Although a worse muscle condition was found in the former, it did not meet the significant criteria (P = 0.164). A more severe ABL did not affect either clinical outcomes or radiological parameters. However, this can result in a higher incidence of implant subsidence and may accelerate the degeneration of the adjacent caudal segment.

Conclusion

ABL should be considered a common phenomenon after ACDF and reflects the degree to which the changed biomechanical condition changes. BMI was an independent influencing factor for the occurrence of moderate-severe ABL. ABL does not affect clinical outcomes but is associated with implant subsidence and accelerated degeneration of the adjacent caudal disc.