Therapeutic potential of BOLD-100, a GRP78 inhibitor, enhanced by ATR inhibition in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies, necessitating novel treatments. The high proliferative rate and protein synthesis in PDAC induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, with Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78), a key regulator of ER stress and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), playing a pivotal role in PDAC progression. Despite its relevance, GRP78-targeted therapies remain unexplored in PDAC. BOLD-100, a novel GRP78 inhibitor, presents a potential therapeutic approach by disrupting GRP78 transcription, though its effects on PDAC have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we found that BOLD-100 induces PDAC cell death through the UPR pathway activation, leading to CHOP-dependent apoptosis. BOLD-100 generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducing R-loop formation that triggers a DNA damage response via the ATR/Chk1 axis. BOLD-100 synergizes with AZD6738, an ATR inhibitor, to enhance anti-tumor efficacy compared to either agent alone in both in vitro and in vivo models. These findings suggest that BOLD-100, especially in combination with an ATR inhibitor, represents a promising therapeutic option for patients with PDAC.