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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Fixed automated (unmanned) above-water radiometric measurements are subject to unavoidable sky conditions and surface perturbations, leading to significant uncertainties in retrieved water surface remote sensing reflectances (Rrs(λ), sr−1). This study evaluates various above-water Rrs(λ) glint correction methods using a comprehensive dataset collected at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) Jetty Station located in the Marsdiep tidal inlet of the Dutch Wadden Sea, the Netherlands. The dataset includes in-situ water constituent concentrations (2006–2020), inherent optical properties (IOPs) (2006–2007), and above-water hyperspectral (ir)radiance observations collected every 10 min (2006–2023). The bio-optical models were validated using in-situ IOPs and utilized to generate glint-free remote sensing reflectances, Rrs,ref(λ), using a robust IOP-to-Rrs forward model. The Rrs,ref(λ) spectra were used as a benchmark to assess the accuracy of glint correction methods under various environmental conditions, including different sun positions, wind speeds, cloudiness, and aerosol loads. The results indicate that the three-component reflectance model (3C) outperforms other methods across all conditions, producing the highest percentage of high-quality Rrs(λ) spectra with minimal errors. Methods relying on fixed or lookup-table-based glint correction factors exhibited significant errors under overcast skies, high wind speeds, and varying aerosol optical thickness. The study highlights the critical importance of surface-reflected skylight corrections and wavelength-dependent glint estimations for accurate above-water Rrs(λ) retrievals. Two showcases on chlorophyll-a and total suspended matter retrieval further demonstrate the superiority of the 3C model in minimizing uncertainties. The findings highlight the importance of adaptable correction models that account for environmental variability to ensure accurate Rrs(λ) retrieval and reliable long-term water quality monitoring from hyperspectral radiometric measurements.

Details

Title
Assessment of Remote Sensing Reflectance Glint Correction Methods from Fixed Automated Above-Water Hyperspectral Radiometric Measurement in Highly Turbid Coastal Waters
Author
Arabi Behnaz 1 ; Moradi Masoud 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hommersom Annelies 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Molen Johan van der 4 ; Serre-Fredj Leon 4 

 Geoinformatics-Spatial Big Data Research Group, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; [email protected] 
 Iranian National Institute of Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS), Etemadzadeh St, No. 3, Tehran 14118 13389, Iran 
 Water Insight, Fahrenheitstraat 42, 6716 BR Ede, The Netherlands; [email protected] 
 Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands; [email protected] (J.v.d.M.); [email protected] (L.S.-F.) 
First page
2209
Publication year
2025
Publication date
2025
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20724292
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
3229157574
Copyright
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.