Unraveling the threads of trauma: how adverse childhood experiences shape suicidal behaviors and help-seeking attitudes in black young adults

Abstract

Suicide rates among Black young adults have significantly increased over the past two decades, presenting a critical public health issue. Although research indicates the association of positive mental health attitudes with better outcomes, limited attention has been paid to the structural and cultural factors that influence suicidal behaviors and help-seeking attitudes in this demographic. Guided by intersectionality and trauma-informed frameworks, this study examines how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), age, and suicidal behaviors interact to influence mental health help-seeking attitudes among Black young adults. We recognize that these outcomes are shaped by interlocking systems of oppression, including racism, ageism, and historical mistrust of mental health institutions. The sample consisted of 359 Black young adults aged 18 to 24 (M = 21; SD = 1.90), recruited through Qualtrics panels (a pre-recruited group of individuals who have agreed to participate in surveys) in the Midwestern United States from February 1, 2023, to April 1, 2023. Using path analysis, our study results indicated that ACE scores had a significant and positive direct relationship with suicidal ideation (β = 0.29, p < .001) and suicide planning (β = 0.30, p < .001). Additionally, there was a significant indirect association with suicide attempts (β = 0.04, p < .001). Further, suicide attempts negatively impacted attitudes toward seeking mental health help (β = -0.14, p < .01). Suicidal ideation and planning also had significant negative indirect associations with these attitudes (β = -0.05, p = .01; β = -0.08, p = .01). These findings underscore the urgent need for culturally grounded and structurally responsive suicide prevention and intervention strategies that reflect the lived experiences of Black young adults. By addressing the unique interplay of trauma, identity, and systemic inequity, we can enhance mental health support and overall well-being for this population.