Content area
Abstract
Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function (BEF) research in forests lacks a solid foundation of below-ground studies that consider coarse roots, and documented analyses that include both crown and root system are sparser still. This thesis seeks to fill this knowledge gap by assessing the influence of the tree neighbourhood (e.g. size and species identity of neighbouring trees) and abiotic characteristics (e.g. soil nitrogen content, depth to water table), first on coarse root traits such as length, diameter and number of coarse lateral roots, and second on the extent and shape of crowns and root systems. We used mixtures of tree species (monoculture, two- or three-, and five-species mixtures) planted in 2001 at the Sardinilla experiment in Panamá.
In 2017, 128 trees of 13.27 ± 4.73 m mean height were destructively harvested above-ground, and their root systems up to 0.5m radius and 0.2 m depth from the stem were excavated from the soil to expose the core of their root systems. In addition, a primary lateral root was chosen randomly and fully excavated; species-specific allometries were used to predict the length of all unexcavated primary roots. Terrestrial laser scans taken in 2017 were used to calculate the 128 trees’ two-dimensional crown shapes. With these data, seven root traits were described, including four observed (primary root number, diameter and length, and number of secondary roots per meter of primary root) and 3 predicted traits (root system extent, total length of roots per focal tree, and coarse root biomass), as well as crown and root system area and an index of compactness of these systems. Focal tree biomass was plotted against the Hegyi distance-dependent competition index at three distinct neighbourhood extents (nearest neighbours, above- and below-ground neighbours) to identify the neighbourhood scale that best explained focal tree growth. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to identify which aspects of neighbourhood composition and environmental characteristics explained a majority of variation in the tested root and crown traits.
Larger trees tended to have more extensive and numerous primary roots, and the 128 focal trees’ root systems were on average 2.6 ± 1.1 (standard deviation) times wider than their crowns. The size and species identity of near neighbours explained more variation than environmental characteristics: compare 63.0% versus 30.4% variation in the seven coarse root traits explained, and 65.8% versus 26.0% variation explained in crown and root extent and morphological traits. The nearest neighbourhood best predicted focal tree biomass (R2 of 0.46), suggesting the paramount importance of competition with near neighbours for the biomass and above- and below-ground architecture of two-decade-old tropical trees. However, certain trends in root architecture were observed in response to biotic and abiotic variables: trees growing with conspecific neighbours, in nitrogen-rich plots or in soil with a lower mean water table height tended to have more and shorter primary roots. These findings further our understanding of how tropical tree roots and crowns respond to their local biotic and abiotic environments, plastically altering architecture and morphology to better cope with competing neighbours and nutrient or water supply.





