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Abstract
The fifth generation mobile network (5G) is a set of emerging global telecommunications standards, generally using high-frequency spectrum, to offer network connectivity with reduced latency and greater speed and capacity relative to its predecessors. One example is emerging autonomous cars and intelligent transportation, to which small latency is essential. It is argued that the current communications infrastructure is highly energy-inefficient and the 5G should be designed to solve this problem, by increasing energy efficiency by several orders of magnitude. To meet 5G requirements, we need dramatically new network architectures and technologies, such as heterogeneous ultra-dense networks, massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO), and millimetre wave communications.
Keywords: Latency, coverage, heavy data traffic, influence on flora and fauna, health problems, higher transmission rates.
Introduction
Discussions on fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication began around 2012. In many discussions, the term 5G is used to refer to specific new 5G radio-access technology. However, 5G is also often used in a much wider context, not just referring to a specific radio-access technology but rather to a wide range of new services envisioned to be enabled by future mobile communication [TER 19].
Fifth-generation (5G) wireless network technology is being touted as the true "next generation" of wireless communications, capable of performance levels far beyond the limits of fourth generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless networks [TRU 19].
The evolution of LTE will be able to support a wide range of the use cases envisioned for 5G. Taking into account the more general view that 5G is not a specific radio-access technology but rather defined by the use cases to be supported, the evolution of LTE should thus be seen as an important part of the overall 5G radio-access solution, (Figure 1) [ABD 16], [ATT 16].
Despite LTE being a very capable technology, there are requirements impossible to meet with LTE or its evolution. Furthermore, the technology development over the more than 10 years that have passed since the work on LTE was initiated allows for more advanced technical solutions.
To meet these requirements and to exploit the potential of new technologies, 3GPP initiated the development of a new radio-access technology known as NR (New Radio) (Figure 2), [AYA 18], [DAH 18].
The first version of the NR specifications was available by...