Content area
Full Text
(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)
Academic Editor:Sabah Mohammed
Graduate School of Advanced Imaging Science, Multimedia & Film, Chung-Ang University, No. 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
Received 19 February 2014; Accepted 3 April 2014; 16 June 2014
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1. Introduction
There has been increasing research over the last decade in using 6DOF motion tracking devices for 3D spatial sketching and modeling [1-4] in immersive virtual reality (VR) environments. Other efforts include 2D tablet screens used to draw a 2D sketch that is processed into 3D designs [5, 6]. The objective of practical spatial drawing and editing in 3D demands low-cost, precision, small size, and ease of use. Existing professional motion tracking systems that use electromagnetic, ultrasonic, optical, inertial, and multiple-sensor technologies [7] are too expensive for commercial 3D immersive VR and modeling and require a degree of technical knowledge to use them. Outside-in stereo vision has been widely used for 3D modeling, but this system often suffers from occlusion and interference and apparent loss of DOF. Any accidental change in the position of a camera after calibration requires complete recalibration [8].
3D motion-based human computer interaction (HCI) has long been an active research topic in VR, and it has been shown that 3D interfaces can be useful in many consumer-level applications such as home gaming [9] and 3D user input [10-12]. Emerging demands for rich interaction have led to the development of handheld pointing motion interface devices [13, 14]. These commercial devices incorporate micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) inertial sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes, and their contributions are limited to gesture recognition, rotation, and vision sensing as for 3D position. These devices are aimed to interact with 3D digital media content and motion gaming and are unsuitable for 3D modeling and editing in free space, which requires precise 6DOF motion sensing.
The main technological bottleneck that limits accuracy in computing position and orientation from MEMS inertial sensors is the drift caused by numerical integration of acceleration and angular rate [15-17]. However, inertial sensors are well known for their short term precision, high-frequency data rates,...