Abstracts of 5th International Congress Of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry: Oral Presentations

O1- Compaction of Smoking Prevention Indexes and Effect of Individual, Family, and Peers Risk Factors in Adolescents' Smoking: Smoker and Non- smoker High School Students

Mojtaba Habibi1 ' Mohamad-Ali Besharat' Laura Ferrer-Wreder 3

1. Corresponding Author: Health psychologist, Assistant professor, Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran

2. Clinical psychologist, professor, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3.Developmental psychologist, associate professor, Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden

Email: mo habibi&sbu. ac. ir

Introduction: There are various factors and theories when the etiology of addiction is discussed. The tendency factors toward addiction consist of social factors, peers pressure, family, genetics, emotional problems, the syndrome of behavioral problems and logical selection. However, studies show that the order and priority of children and adolescents confrontation to these factors are not the same. When prioritizing the influencing factors in smoking is concerned, the individual, familial and peers variables are centered at the core of this system and the residual factors around the developmental stages are increased or decreased to this composition of protective and risk factors on substance abuse.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the individual, family, school, and peers risk and protective factors related to smoking in smoker students (SS) and non-smoker students (NSS) in Tehran.

Methods: "Adolescents Substance Use Prevention Scale" was administered upon 698 high school students aged 14-19, including 366 boys and 332 girls, who were selected based on the multistage cluster sampling. The collected data were analyzed by chi-square and MANOVA.

Results: Research findings indicate that individual risk factors, including impulse control, acting out of anger, intra-inter emotional intelligence, desire and curiosity to try new substance in SS were higher than NSS. Among family factors, secure attachment to father and mother, family member s smoking, family structure and maternal employment outside home in SS was higher than NSS. Among the factors related to school and friends, attitudes to school, academic status of students during the last 12 months, academic status of friends, friends' attitude to substance, inliibitive behavior of friends toward smoking and substance, and friends cigarette smoking in S S were higher than NSS. The risk indicators of smoking in boys were significantly higher than girls.

Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that prevention programs should enhance parental awareness about the importance of parent- children interaction, reduce child behavior problems such as impulsive and violent behavior, increase negative attitudes of parents towards smoking and provide feedback to the youth advise children how to choose and communicate with their friends, and monitor their friendship.

O2- Mental Disorders in Pediatric Setting: South of Iran

Setoodeh G1 *,Mohebbi Z1, Ta\>akkoli P1

1. Corresponding Author: Faculty Member of Fatemeh College of Nursing&Midwifery , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

Objective: Mental disorders emerge in childhood and adolescence and are important risk factors for mental disorders in adulthood. Since pediatricians are typically the first to see children with psychological problems, the aim of this study was to obtain a survey of mental disorders of children in pediatric settings.

Method And Material: Twenty pediatricians completed a questionnaire especially developed for this study, which asked for the estimated frequency and type of mental disorders in patients, assurance in identifying mental disorders, diagnostic and treatment strategies used for these disorders and requests for training.

Results: Pediatricians estimated that 15% of children in their pediatric setting reported psychological difficulties. The most frequent mental disorders indicated by the pediatricians were attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, depression and aggressive disorders. Comfort in assigning diagnoses for anxiety disorders and depression was lower than externalizing disorders. Counseling was the treatment approach most often reported in treating mental disorders, followed by psychophannacological medication. Psychotherapy, however, was reported very rarely. Pediatricians' wish for continuing education included diagnostics and screening instruments for psychological problems in childhood.

Conclusions: Estimated prevalence rates reported by pediatricians are comparable with rates in epidemiological studies. As pediatricians are often confronted with psychological problems, they have an important role in recognizing the early signs of mental problems.

03- Hospitalized Juveniles Perception of Hospitalization: A phenomenological study

Shahrzad Yektatalab1 , Marzieh momennasab2' Marzieh Moattary2

1. Corresponding author: PhD in Nursing, Msc in Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing Department, Fatemeh College of Nursing & Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

2. PhD in Nursing, Medical-Surgical Department, Fatemeh College of Nursing & Midwifery/Shiraz University of medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

*E-maile: [email protected]

Introduction: Adolescents are hospitalized for different reasons such as illness, accidents, or surgeries. Several factors including hospital environment, treatment, and lack of control, separation from family, pain and fear of invasive procedures will cause stress for adolescents during hospitalization.

Objective: The aim of this study is to gain knowledge about the experience of hospitalized adolescents in order to promote suitable care and provide a more desirable environment in hospitals.

Methods, Eight juveniles hospitalized in Namazi Hospital in city of Shiraz participated in this phenomenological study. Informants were selected by objective-oriented sampling method. Data were collected by deep semi-structured interview with open- ended questions and analyzed by collaizi method

Results: Six main themes and several sub-themes were extracted from the responses of adolescents: 1) emotional problems (with sub-themes of fear and anxiety, feeling alone);2) threat to self-integrity (with sub-themes of self-control, control environment); 3) relationship (with sub- themes of professional care and the relatives and friends attention); 4) physical problems ( pain and physical limitations);5) a new experience (new environment, changes in living conditions, loss of situations); 6) healing(freedom from death, loss and physical injury).

Conclusions: The obtained themes can be used to develop a care giving model for this age group and provide a more desirable environment in hospitals. Overall, experiences expressed by adolescents highlight the positive role of nurses in providing care and reducing problems perceived by adolescents.

04- The Role of Preschool Education on Preventing Learning Disorder

mojtbaniazi1

1.manager of center education and habilitation specific learning disorder

*Email:[email protected]

Introduction: Recently, studying and exploring learning disorders have developed remarkably in our country. Specialists pay more attention to this issue than the past, and believe that specific learning disorders cause poor performance in social interactions, and result in social relationship disorders, self-esteem reduction, victimization, and poor performance. Although some children have normal or high intelligence level, and good hearing and vision sense, they may not learn educational subjects through educational standard methods. Therefore, they are sent to special education and habilitation centers. At first, these children have enough confidence to achieve educational improvement, but they gradually recognize that other children are better than them in learning. Therefore, their self-confidence decreases after a few months. Consequently, these children hate school as their parents force them too much for academic achievements. The situation becomes worse as the parents compare their children with other students. Gradually children become depressed, anxious and victimization. We will discuss definition, prevalence, classification, the goal of education and habilitation, relationship between learning disorder with other sciences, and clinical signs and specific treatment approaches for learning disorders in this article.

05- The effect of psychodrama training on decreasing of aggression in relations with the same ages in mentally retarded students

somayeh rajabpour1 , Fatemeh jahanshahi1

1.Corresponding author: MA in psychology and educating exceptional children

*Email: [email protected]

Introduction: Psychodrama draws on the natural capacity for imaginative, make-believe play that is evident in childhood. Many techniques derived from psychodrama, such as action methods, experimental exercises, or role playing, can be integrated with other approaches. This is because there are times in therapy when just talking about a situation is far less helpful than staging the problem in action, discovering the underlying issues, and working out more effective responses.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of psychodrama training on decreasing of aggression in relations with the same ages in mentally retarded students.

Methods: The present study has been from a kind of experimental design which has utilized in case of a pretest- posttest design with control group. Statistical population included all educational mentally retarded boys student aged 9-17 who are studying at the exceptional NovinToos School in Mashhad city. Because of the difficult which are relate to the experimental, proposal perform that are pensionable effective corporation between school saints and parent's from procedure of available sampling a sample consisting of 30 mentally retarded students who had aggressive behavior, were randomly assigned to experiment (psychodrama) groups and control group. The group members were evaluated before 14 psychodrama training sessions using the children's inventory of anger among elementary school children. The experimental group underwent 14 sessions psychodrama as the independent factor, and the control group received no intervention. Upon the completion of intervention, both groups were tested to determine the effect of the independent factor on the dependent factor of aggression in relations with the same ages. Data were analyzed using analysis of co-variance and two sample t-test.

Results: The results showed that psychodrama had effect on the experimental group in terms of relations with the same ages and authority sources.

Conclusion: These findings indicated the efficiency of psychodrama in decreasing aggression in relations with the same ages in mentally retarded students.

06- Prevalence of Adult-ADHD in Parents, a case- control study

Fariba Arabgoll *, Saeedeh Sarjami2, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam3

1. Corresponding author: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2. Private Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Tehran, Iran

3. Department of Clinical Toxicology, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

*E-mail: farabgol (a\ sbmu.ac.ir

Introduction: Significant functional impairment is common among adults with ADHD.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of adult-ADHD in parents of ADHD children.

Method: This was a case-control study of both parents whose children were admitted to an ADHD outpatient clinic based on DSM IV & K-SADS(cases, n=100).Parent were chosen from an outpatient pediatric clinic(controls, n=100). Conner's' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS-S:S) were used to evaluate different outcomes.

Results: There was a significant increase in adult ADHD among cases (29% vs. 5%, p=0.001) in terms of hyperactive-index (10% vs. 3%, p=0.045), inattentive- index (14% vs. 3%, p=0.005, impulse- control-index (22% vs. 5%, p=0.001) self-confidence- index (9% vs. 0, p=0.002),and ADHD-index(28% vs. 6%, p=0.001).

Conclusion: Parents may need management and supervisions themselves, while some of them are not able to control their ADHD children. Identification of these parents is strongly recommended in similar settings.

07- Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation on Anxiety, Insomnia and Social Dysfunction of Epileptic Adolescent Girls

Leila Esmaeili1 , Mohammad Reza Abedi' Mohammad Reza Najaf3,AmirsalehAminjafarf, FereshtehAfsar5- Mansooreh Moghtadaei4

1. Corresponding author : M.A, Department of Psychology, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic AzadUniversitv, Isfahan, Iran.

2.PhD , Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran

3.M.D AssociateProfessor of Neurology , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

4.??? , University of Isfahan Jran

5.MA: Department of Psychology, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic AzadUniversitv, Isfahan Jran

*Email: L_ES_201 O&yahoo. com

Introduction: Despite the existence of a large volume of literature and research on emotion regulation of the general population very few studies have focused on emotion regulation of epileptic adolescent girls.

Objective: The research purpose is to assess the efficacy of emotion regulation on anxiety, insomnia and social dysfunction of epileptic adolescent girls (?- ? 8) in Isfahan.

Methods: In order to administer this study, 30 epileptic adolescent girls were selected from 14-18 year old population of epileptic adolescent girls in Isfahan via random cluster sampling method and assigned randomly in to two experimental and control groups (each group consisting of 15 adolescents). This was a comparative experimental study with prctcst.posttcst and control group, and follow up. The intervention was emotion regulation; and training was based on Boston University Program. The instrument used to collect data was GHQ questionnaire.

Results: Data were analyzed by Multivariate Covariance analysis of variance. Findings indicated that emotion regulation effect anxiety , insomnia and social dysfunction of epileptic girls in pre and posttest and follow-up (PO.OOl).

Conclusion: The results showed that emotion regulation reduces anxiety, insomnia and increase social dysfunction of epileptic girls .

08- Introduction of Psychological and Supportive Services In the Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Clinic of Children's Hospital

MaryamDerakhshanNejad1 , JavadMahmoudigharai'

1.MA inClinical Psychology, Tehran University ofMedi cal Science,Iran, Tehran.

2.Child and AdolescentPsvchiatrist - TehranUniversity ofMedicalS ciences ,Iran, Tehran.

Email: a. m. derakhshan2009(a)gmail. com

Introduction: The progress of treatment is slow in children with chronic physical illnesses due to frequent and lengthy stays in hospital. Fear of hospital, lots of intellectual engagements about the disease which in many cases can cause problems like anxiety and depression. These factors complicate the process of treatment in these patients.

Objective: Considering the importance of accepting and adjusting to chronic diseases and the Need for ensuring mental health of patients during hospitalization, this study was conducted to deal with needs assessment, presenting psychiatric consultation services and relations among children hospitalized in Tehran Children's Medical Center.

Method: All children hospitalized in Children's Medical Center who have shown in compatibility and restlessness problems of the disease were screened. After identifying these children, they completed a demographic questionnaire. The children and their parents were Inter viewed by a psychologist. Mental health services have been both through psychological and supportive interventions in the psychiatric Out patient clinic or through consultation with child and adolescent psychiatrists. Psychological and supportive interventions include: Supportive Psycho therapy, Stress Management Training, Pain Management, Social Skills, Formation of Supportive Groups in Children.

Conclusion: Considering the findings of this study, psychological and supportive interventions in various sectors of public Hospitals should be offered to the patients, and psychologists should be present in the therapeutic teams to reduce stress and increase the compatibility of the disease.

09- Prediction of Substance Use Prevention in Adolescents based on Family, Individual, Peers, and Neighborhoods' Risk and Protective Indices

Mojtaba Habibi1 ' Mohamad-Ali Besharat2' Laura Ferrer-Wreder 3

1. Corresponding Author: Health psychologist, Assistant professor, Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran

2. Clinical psychologist, professor, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3.Developmental psychologist, associate professor, Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden

*Email: [email protected]

Introduction: Family and peers, school environment and life setting, dissociation, controversy (conflict), neglect and family deviation besides other factors have been considered as the most preventive factors for substance abuse. Thus, it could be said that cigarette, alcohol and substance abuse are the syndrome of problematic behavior and a deviant lifestyle. For instance, relationship with deviant peers, living in families with substance abuse, low education, social alienation, and criminal behaviors at early ages could be characteristics of syndrome of problematic behavior.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictability of substance use in adolescents based on individual, family, scholastic, peers, and neighborhoods risk and protective factors.

Methods: "Adolescents Substance Use Prevention Scale" was administered upon 698 high school students aged 14-19, including 366 boys and 332 girls, who were selected based on the multistage cluster sampling. The collected data were analyzed by binary logistic regression and ANOVA.

Results: The results of the study revealed that individual factors, including impulsive control, acting out of aggressive behavior, and inter-intra personal emotional intelligence significantly predicted students' substance use, but school achievement and religious attitude of students did not. The risk of substance use in students who were smokers was higher than non users. Among family factors, secure attachment to parents significantly contributed to prediction of students' substance use, and the risk of substance use among students whose family members were substance user was higher than others. Among school and peers factors, friends' school achievement, friend's attitude to school, and substance use significantly predicted students' substance use. Further, the risk of substance use in students whose friends were drug users or smokers was higher than others. The risk of substance use in students who had observed drug use behaviors in their neighborhood was higher than others. Also, there was a significant difference between male and female students in substance use.

Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that substance use in students is a multifactor phenomenon, and we need to integrate individual, family, school, peers, and neighborhoods factors simultaneously for effective preventive intervention. Due to gender difference in substance use risk factors, conducting prevention programs is of prime importance.

OlO- Relations between Attachment to Parents and Peers with Behavior Problems of Gifted and normal Students

Bagher Ghobari Bonab, Ph.D1, Ali Akbar Haddadi Kuhsar M.A2, Parisa Khosrotash MA 3

1 Associate professor, University of Tehran, Faculty of psychology and education, Tehran, Iran,

2. Clinical psychology, University of Tehran, Faculty of psychology and education, Tehran, Iran,

3. SpecialEducation, University of Tehran, School of Psychology & Education

*Email: [email protected]

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between attachment to parents and peers with behavioral problems in gifted and normal students.

Materials and Methods: To full fill the stated goal, 251 high school students in Isfahan were selected by multi-stage sampling procedure. Parents and Peer Attachment Inventory (Greenberg, 2009), and Youth Self-Report Scale (Achenbach, 2001) were administered.

Results: Analysis of data using multiple regression analysis revealed that the magnitude of behavioral problems in high school students can be predicted by their quality of attachment to parents and peers. Students who were securely attached to their parents and peers had lower problems than adolescents who were higher in insecure attachment style.

Conclusion: Attachment quality can predict magnitude of aberrant behaviors in high school students. Theoretical implication and practical application of the study have been discussed in the original paper.

Oil- Predictive Model of Children's Behavioral Problems Based on Mother's Emotional Regulation Difficulties

Hamid Kazemi1 ,Amir Ghamarani1 ,Mahnaz Janesari2 , Nasrin Behnamnezhad2

1. Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology Department, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran.

2.Exceptional Children Graduate Student, Isfahan University, Isfahan

*Email: [email protected]

Introduction: Emotional regulation is a main factor in mental health and in determining a successful interaction in social situation; and it has shown a confirmed role in interpersonal disorders such as depression and anxiety and also in intrapersonal disorders such as aggression.

Objective: The present study investigated the predictive model of behavioral problems in preschool and primary school children based on mothers' emotional regulation difficulties.

Methods: In a descriptive correlational design and based on random sampling, 156 mothers of preschool and school children (36 mothers of preschool children and 120 mothers of school children) of both sexes (70 female and 86 male) were selected. All mothers completed Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz& Roemer, 2004), and The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997).Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and Multiple Regression method.

Results: Multiple regression analysis showed that maternal emotional regulation difficulties and its components, predicted 23%variance of children s behavioral problems in total (R2 = 0/23, F= 7/81, PO/OOl). Then, step by step data analysis showed that among emotional difficulties components of the mother, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior and limited access to emotional regulation strategies had a significant predictive power for children behavioral problems (Ri2 = 0/19, F=36/43, PO/OOl, R22 = 0/22, F= 22/66, P< 0/001).

Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, mother s emotional regulation difficulties are a major contribution to children's emotional and behavioral problems. Therefore, educational programs should pay especial attention to this contribution, and to the link between some of the emotional and behavioral problems of children with mothers' emotional regulation strategies.

012- Comparison of Prevalence of Depression in Children with Chronic Renal Failure, Leukemia and Acute Disease Admitted to Dr.Sheykh Hospital in Mashhad in 2012

Saghi Elmi1, RezaErfaniSayar2, Sam Elmi3, FatemeRabani4, Shaghayegh Rahmani4

1. Pediatrics resident, Mashhad University of Medical sciences

2. Corresponding author: Anesthesiology Resident, Gillan Medical University

3. Intern, Mashhad University of Medical sciences

4. General practitioner, research center for patient safety and health quality, Mashhad University of Medical sciences

*Email: [email protected]

Introduction: Children are vulnerable to stressors, and chronic disease is one of them. Social and environmental factors also play a key role in the occurrence of mood disorders. International statics show that 20 percent of hospitalized children are depressed.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the rate of depression among children hospitalized in Dr. Sheykh Hospital in Mashhad.

Method: In this study, using CDI test, depression rate was evaluated between children with chronic kidney disease, leukemia and acute disease in surgery ward of Dr.Sheykh Hospital in Mashhad in 2012 through random cluster sampling method. Each group contained 30 children. SPSS software was used for data analyses.

Results: The overall prevalence of depression in all patients was 76%. Severe (65%) depression was excited in these children. Prevalence of depression in children with leukemia (P=0.002) and kidney disease (P=0.006) was significantly higher around puberty. Duration of hospital stay was associated with severe depression; only 25 percent of children who were admitted to surgery ward had mild depression and it had not been influenced by the duration of hospitalization and age.

Conclusion: Based on the finding of the study, children with chronic disease who are hospitalized for a long time are at the risk of developing mood disorders which can affect their prognosis. The result of this study underlines the children's mental health as an important factor in treatment process during hospitalization.

013- Medication Use in Specific Illnesses

ElhamShirazi1 *, Ladan Afshar-Khas2, Shirin Sayyahfar2, NasrinHoseyni Nejad2

1. Corresponding Author: Child and adolescent psychiatrists, Associate prof, of Mental Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2. Pediatrician, Assistantprof. of Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Hazrat Ali Asqar (A) Children's Hospital, Tehran, Iran

*E-mail: e_shirazi@tums. ac. ir

Introduction: At least 10% of children with physical illness have psychiatric symptoms severe enough to have an impact on their daily lives.

Objective: Effective psychopharmacological intervention can help them relieve emotional and behavioral distress related to their illness or treatment. Common psychiatric symptoms targeted by medications are: agitation, anxiety, delirium, depression, fatigue, inattention, insomnia, pain, psychosis, and withdrawal.

Methods: A literature review on this issue is performed and presented.

Results: It is generally preferable to choose a medication with the following characteristics for children: having a short half-life, which could be administered in a single dose, being titrated easily, with no need for frequent laboratory monitoring. It is best to avoid introducing more than one medication at a time. With the exception of lithium, methylphenidate, venlafaxine, divalproex sodium, gabapentin, and topiramate, most psychoactive drugs are 80% to 95% bound to protein. The unbound drug is typically pharmacologically active. This is important because albumin binding is decreased in many illnesses; therefore, necessitating adjustments to medication dosages. Medications are primarily metabolized by the liver and gastrointestinal tract and excreted through the kidneys. Clinicians should be aware of medications and illnesses that have an impact on hepatic metabolism and blood flow or impair renal excretion.

Hepatic disease: Initial dosing should be reduced and titration should proceed more slowly in patients with hepatic disease. For drugs with significant hepatic metabolism, intravenous administration may avoid first-pass metabolic effects and result in similar dosing and acting, as in patients with normal hepatic function. Renal diseases: Initial doses of medications should be reduced, and dosing intervals lengthened in patients with renal failure. The rule of two-thirds is that medication doses should be reduced by one-third of the normal dose in patients with renal insufficiency. With the exception of lithium, methylphenidate, venlafaxine, divalproex sodium, gabapentin, and topiramate, most psychotropic medications may not require significant dosing adjustment in patients with renal failure.

Conclusion: In general, it is helpful to follow the maxim "start low and go slow" when initiating medication in children with hepatic, gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiac diseases.

014- The Effectiveness of Directed Sand play Therapy in the Treatment of Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder

Maryam Saidi1, Peyman Rezaiemaram2 , Sima Noohi3,

lAllamehTabataba'i University, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Tehran, Iran

2. Corresponding Author :Baqiyatallah Hospital, Psychology Clinic, Tehran, Iran

3. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah Medical University, Tehran, Iran

Introduction: Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a common psychiatric disorder of childhood and early adolescence which is characterized by an unrealistic and excessive fear of separation from an attachment figure, usually the mother Moreover, sand play therapy is an intervention method that can help children with various anxiety disorders. In sum, sand play therapy can be divided into two main approaches (i.e. Directed vs. Traditionais and play therapy).Directed and play therapy is guided by the notion that using directives to guide the child through play will cause a faster change than traditional (nondirective) play therapy. Directive play therapy methods are more likely to be classified as a type of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of directed sand play therapy in treatment of childhood separation anxiety disorder.

Method and Materials: The current study used a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. The sample (? = 12) was selected from five kindergartens in Tehran. All selected children were diagnosed with SAD using structured diagnostic interviews (Kinder- DIPS; DSM-IV-TR Version).The sample was randomly divided into two groups: treatment group (n = 6) and wait-list group (n = 6).For assessment of treatment effects, Fear and Avoidance Hierarchy (FAH) and Weekly Record of Anxiety at Separation (WRAS) were completed at the beginning and end of the treatment. Ultimately, analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) with the pre-treatment scores entered as a covariate were applied to evaluate the treatment effects.

Results: Data analyses showed a significant reduction of SAD symptoms in the treatment group compared to the wait-list group (In FAH scores: F(1 n) = 6.33, p< .01); (In WRAS scores: F(U1) = 4.72, p< .01).

Conclusion: The findings revealed that directed and play therapy can be a helpful method for treatment of childhoods separation anxiety disorder, especially for short-term goals. Replication of this study using a larger samplesize and long-term follow-up assessments is suggested.

015- Children's Sexual Development: The Role of Parents

Ghazal Zahed1 *, Elham Shirazi2

1. Corresponding author: Child and adolescent psychiatrist, assistant prof, of psychiatric department of ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2. Child and adolescent psychiatrist, associate prof, of Mental Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

*E-mail: ghazal. zahed@gmail. com

Introduction: Sexual exploration and play are a natural part of childhood sexual development, and help children not only to learn about their own bodies, but also about the social and cultural rules that govern sexual behavior.

Objective: Parents play a pivotal role in helping their children develop healthy attitudes and behaviors towards sexuality.

Methods: A literature review on this issue is performed and presented.

Results: When children participate in sexual behavior it indicates that they need to learn something. Although talking about sex with children may be uncomfortable for parents, providing children with accurate, age- appropriate information is of prime importance. Providing close supervision, and clear, positive messages about modesty, boundaries and privacy are crucial as children move through the stages of childhood. By openly discussing relationships, intimacy, and sexuality with children, parents can foster children's healthy growth and development. Sexual development includes not only the physical changes that occur as children grow, but also the sexual knowledge and beliefs they come to learn and the behaviors they show. Children usually respond well when parents take the time to give them correct information and answer their questions. It is important to provide information that is appropriate to the child's age and developmental level.

Conclusion: Sexual development begins at birth. The important thing is to convey this message to children that their parents are ready to listen and answer any questions they may have.

016- Suicidal Attempt In Childhood And Early Adolescence

Mitra Edraki1 ,Sedighe montaseri1, Mitra Soltanian1, Masoume Rambod1

l.Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the suicidal attempt in childhood and early adolescence and the causes of suicidal attempt.

Method: In this retrospective study, the subjects were 40 children (7-17 years) who were admitted for suicidal attempt in Namazee Hospital in Shiraz from September 2008 to 2009. Data such as demographic characteristics (age, sex), living place, methods of suicide, and causes of suicidal attempt were collected and analyzed with SPSS 14.

Result: This study indicated that76.2% of all attempts were made by 14 -17 year old adolescents. The frequency of reported suicide attempts was higher among girls (70.6%). Most of the attempted suicide happened at home (92.8%).The most common methods of suicidal attempt were overdose of drugs (68.4%).Thirty percent of clients had pervious history of attempted suicide in their family. The most cause of suicide in these cases was love deprivation (62.4%).

Conclusion: Suicide is a serious public health problem in childhood and early adolescence. Therefore, health care providers such as nurses should warn parents about suicide risk factors in children to prevent suicide and suicide attempts from ever occurring. The most common methods of suicidal attempt were overdose of drugs. Therefore, all the drugs should be kept out of reach of children.

017- Self-Efficacy in Persian Children and Youths: A Psychometric Study of the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire Children (SEQ-C)

Karineh Tahmasian1, Mojtaba Habibi2 , Laura Ferrer- Wreder 3

1. Clinical psychologist, Assistant professor, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2. Corresponding author: Health Psychologist, Assistant Professor, Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran

3. Developmental Psychologist, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.

*Email: [email protected] (Mojtaba Habibi).

Introduction: According to Bandura (Bandura, 1997), believing in personal self-efficacy is a central factor of human agency. According to him personal belief in our efficacy in controlling the environment and life events has the most powerful influence determining human behavior. In other words, self-efficacy is a strong belief in one's capabilities based on evaluation of different information sources.

Objective: This study was designed to examine the factor structure and the psychometric properties of a Persian edition of the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire Child (SEQ-C).

Methods: The scale was translated into Persian language and was administered to 946 high school students (471 girls) in Tehran with a battery of scales, including the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), and Spielberg's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).

Results: The Average Score of Academic Achievement (ASAA) was also collected. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) upheld the original three-factor structure-social, academic, and emotional self-efficacy (S-E) - consisting 21 items. Results supported the internal consistency, test re-test reliability, as well as concurrent and discriminant validity of the Persian edition of the SEQ-C. There were gender differences, and girls had higher mean scores on social and academic S-E, but were lower on emotional S-E than boys.

Conclusion: The Persian edition of the SEQ-C was found to be a valid and reliable measure of S-E among this Persian adolescent sample suggesting that SEQ-C can be used cross-culturally.

018- Effectiveness of Group Consultation via Rational- Emotional- Behavioral Manner on Academic Self- Concept, Achievement Motivation and Mental Health in Weak Students

Saeed Saadatmand1*, FiroozehSepelirian2 , Saber Alizadeh3

1 Corresponding author : M.A Student of Educational Psychology, Urmia University, Iran.

2. Assistant Professor ofUrmia University, Iran.

3. M.A Student ofEducational Psychology, Urmia University, Iran.

*Email: saadatl096(a>yahoo. com

Introduction: One of the factors that have a role in academic failure is academic self-concept that is related to students' achievement motivation and mental health. The problems that unsuccessful students usually face include: lack of motivation, low self-confidence, loss of self-control and chaos. Research findings indicate that group consultation provides an opportunity to explore the cognitive - behavioral patterns, and can be applied as an effective approach for all students.

Objective: This research aimed at studying the effectiveness of group consultation via rational- emotional- behavioral manner on the academic self- concept, achievement motivation and mental health of unsuccessful students.

Method: This was a semi-experimental study with experimental and control groups and pretest and posttest. Statistical population includes all male students at secondary school in Ravansar^Among the high schools of this city, a secondary school was selected randomly as a sample. Before the implementation of pretest, through portfolio, teachers' judgments and evaluations and students' scores in different courses, 30 unsuccessful students were selected as a sample and were randomly placed in the experimental and control groups (each of them n= 15 people) and completed the Delavar's Academic Self- concept Questionnaire, Herman's Achievement Motivation and list of 25 symptoms (SCL-25). Then, the experimental group received group consultation for eight 70-90 minute sessions, once a week, but the control group did not receive any treatment. After the sessions, both groups responded to the mentioned tests again. Then, data were analyzed using covariance test.

Results: The results showed that group consultation via rational - emotional - behavioral manner led to increase and improvement in academic self-concept, achievement motivation and mental health of the experimental group compared with the control group.

Conclusion: It is suggested that implementing group consultation by counselors and psychologists in schools, and universities increases academic success, and therefore should be taken in to more consideration.

019- Effect of Multi-user War Computer Games on the Aspects of Aggression in Adolescents

Bahram Jowkarl, Rahman Akbari'

1.Department of Educational Psychology Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

2.Corresponding author: Rahman Akbari .M.!. Educational Psychology

*Email:Rkarate5 l&yahoo. com

Introduction: Nowadays, many children and adolescents are involved with playing computer games; and these games influence behaviors, life style and socialization process of the players.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of computer games on adolescents' life. Accordingly, the study investigated the influences of single user sport computer games and multi-user war computer games on adolescents' aggression (physical and verbal aggression, hostility, annoyance and anger).

Methods: Participants were 300 students with the age range of 11-16 years who were selected by multistage random cluster sampling. The participants were divided in to three groups(non-players, single-user sport players, and multi-user war games players) based on the tendency and amount of time that they contributed to playing computer games. Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ, 1992) was used to assess the aspects of aggression variable.

Results: One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc comparison test were used to compare aggression between the three groups. The results of ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference between all groups in all the subscales and total score of the aggression questionnaire. Results of the Turkey test also showed that the non-players group, and those who were playing single-user sport computer games reported less aggression compared to those who played multi-user war computer games. The post hoc comparison also showed no significant difference between the non-players and the single user sport games players.

Conclusion: The results of the study revealed that level of aggression in adolescents depends on the type of computer games. The multi-user war computer games displaying anger and hostile behaviors, and providing a context for playing a role as a warrior, may increase aggression in adolescents.

020- Simple and Multiple Relationships between Self-Directedness, Rule-Breaking Behavior, Attitude to Drugs and Addiction Potential in High School Students in Mashhad

Tavebeh Eshrati1 *

1. Corresponding author: M.A in clinical psychology, Faculty of education sciences and psychology, Shahid Chamran university ofAhwaz

*Email address: eshrati. s&gmail. com

Introduction: Addiction is a bio-psycho-socio- spiritual disorder. Different variables affect creation, perpetuation and treatment of drug- dependence. In clinical researches, several variations were studied as predictor variables of drug- dependence.

Objective: This study aimed at investigating the simple and multiple relationships between self-directedness, rule-breaking behavior, attitude to drugs, and addiction potential in high school freshmen students in Mashhad.

Methods: Two hundred and seventy students were selected by multi-stage random sampling from High schools of Mashhad. The scales used for this descriptive study were the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the Youth Self-Report' Achenbach (YSR), the Attitude to Drug Jazayeri, and the Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS). To analyze the data, we used correlation and regression test by SPSS-16.

Results: There were simple and multiple relationships between self-directedness, rule-breaking behavior, attitude to drugs and addiction potential. Multiple regression analysis (stepwise method) showed that self- directedness, and rule-breaking behavior had significant multiple correlation with addiction potential. The variable of attitude to drug was eliminated from regression analysis.

Conclusion: Variables of self-directedness, and rule- breaking behavior predicted addiction potential in high school students. The most important suggestion of this research was to pay attention to these variables as fundamental causes of drug addiction, rather than just emphasizing the cessation of drug or alcohol abuse.

021 Factor Structure and Reliability of Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale (ODDRS)-Parent Version

Shahram Vahedil*, Nasim Baher2

1. Corresponding author: Department of Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

2. Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

Email: [email protected]

Objective: The present study investigated the internal consistency and construct validity of the Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale (ODDRS)-Parent Version in a sample of children.

Method: This investigation was a psychometric study. In this study, 820 first and fourth grade students (aged 7-11) were selected through multi-stage sampling method from Tabriz elementary schools. Parents completed ODDRS, Conner's Rating Scale and Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS-PV). Confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and Cronbach alpha coefficient were used to compute the ODDRS construct validity, convergent validity and reliability, respectively.

Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed support for a four-dimensional factor structure. Cronbach alpha of the ODDRS showed that this scale had acceptable internal consistency and reliability .

Conclusion: According to the DSM-IV-TR, parent version of this rating scale may be useful for assessing ODD in a manner consistent with the DSM-IV-TR in educational environments, and it can be used in diagnosis and treatment.

022- Differences between Self-harm and Suicide Attempt in Aadolescents: a systematic review

Hamid khanipour1,Mitra Hakim shooshtary2

1.Ph.D. Candidate student in psychology, Allametabatabaea university,

2.Child and adolescents psychiatrist, Associate professor in Tehran medical university,

*Email: mitra_hakim2000@yahoo. co

Introduction: Self-harm and suicide attempts are serious psychosocial problems in adolescents. There are controversies in defining and differentiating between these two behaviors. Researchers refer to self- harm by various terms such as Deliberate Self-Harm (DSH), Self-injury, Self-mutilation, Non Suicidal Self- Injury (NSSI) and Para- suicide.

Objective: The aim of this study was to review the literature to investigate the nature and differences between self-harm and suicidal attempt. Methods: Approximately 100 articles with key words of self- harm, NSSI, DSH, and suicide attempt were retrieved from psychlNFO and PUB MED.

Results: In European researches, the term DSH was commonly used to refer to self-harm and self-harm and suicide attempt were not completely distinguished. However, in studies conducted in North America, the term DSH is used to refer only to behaviors without suicidal intent. NSSI was also used for referring to self- harm and differing from suicide attempts. Beyond intent, they differ in hopelessness, trait impulsivity, emotion regulation difficulties, clinical correlates and interpersonal and friendship issues. Self-harm is a major predictor of suicide attempts especially in those with repeated course of self-harm. Self-harm has diverse functions. Although not functioning to end one's life, it has functions such as emotion regulation, anti- dissociation, anti- suicide, sensation-seeking, revenge, and autonomy.

Conclusion: Adolescents who harm themselves are heterogeneous groups that differ in some dimensions with adolescents who attempt suicide.

023-Assessing the Effect of Weil-Being Therapy in Treating Depression ,Anxiety and Increasing Psychological Weil-Being in Adolescents

Maryam Aqabozorg1 , Shokouh Alsadat Banijamali2 , Zohre Khosravi2

1. Corresponding author:MA. in Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Al- Zahra University, Tehran, Iran.

2. Ph.D,Associate Professor of Faculty of Education and Psychology, Al-Zahra University Tehran, Iran.

Email :m. aqabozorg&gmail. com

Introduction: Adolescents' health is a guarantee for the future of community health. Therefore, seeking suitable treatment methods for common disorders such as anxiety and depression in adolescents is essential. Those clinicians who work on mood and anxiety disorders, and employ current therapeutic strategies are often disillusioned by unsatisfactory degree of remissions, recurrence and relapse. Major clinical trials have underscored the fact that Ml remission occurs in a limited number of patients. The need to advance intervention strategies by including psychological well- being has become pressing- an approach to treatment, which differs from other approaches- in that it includes emphasis on positive emotional health rather than focusing on decreasing negative affective symptoms.

Objectives: Assessing the effect of well-being therapy in treatment of depression anxiety and increasing psychological well-being in adolescents.

Method and Materials: In this study, after screening 200 junior high school female students 30 students who scored above the cut-off point were randomly assigned in to experimental and control groups each consisting of 15 subjects. The instruments used in this study were Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) (Weissman & Beck, 1978) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) (Lovibond & Lovobond,1995), and Adolescent Psychological Well-being Scale (Birleson ,1981). The experimental group received 10 sessions of well-being therapy over 8 weeks. Finally, experimental and control groups were evaluated again by the three previous scales. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA method.

Results: The Results showed that anxiety was significantly reduced in the experimental group as compared with the control group. However, this reduction was not statistically significant in depression. Psychological well-being was significantly improved in eexperimental group.

Conclusion: According to findings of this study, well- being therapy can be offered as an effective method in treatment of anxiety and increasing psychological well- being of adolescents. Although the use of this method did not lead to significant decrease in depression, the result showed a promising outcome as a treatment strategy for depressed individuals. Therefore, this method can also be recommended for treatment of depression.

024- Comparative Study of Emotional Creativity of Gifted and Ordinary Students

F. Gholinezhad1, Isazadegan1 Michaeli Manee1

l.Orumieh University

*Email: fgholinezhad64(a)gmail. com

Objective: The purpose of this study was compare the emotional creativity of gifted and ordinary Students . This was a descriptive and a causal-comparative study.

Methods: The population was secondary first grade gifted and ordinary students in city of Urmia. Four hundred students were selected using multistage random sampling and were tested using Averill· Emotional Creativity Inventory (ECI).

Results: The results revealed significant difference between emotional creativity of ordinary and gifted students. The mean of emotional creativity of gifted students at all the three dimension of novelty, preparedness and effectiveness/authenticity was higher than the ordinary students.

025- Standardization of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) in Iranian Population

Banafsheh Gharraee1, Mojtaba Habibï , Ahmad Ashori1

1. Clinical Psychologist, Assistant professor, University of Medical Sciences & Health Ser\>ices, Psychiatry Institute, Mental Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran

2. Corresponding author :Healt Psychologist, Assistant Professor, Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran

*Email: mo Jwbibi(cpsbu.ac.ir (Mojtaba Habibi)

Objective: This study has been conducted to test the standardization of Minnesota Multifaceted Personality - Adolescent (MMPI-A) in accordance with social and cultural characteristics of Iranian Adolescents.

Materials: MMPI-A questionnaire was translated into Persian by 4 clinical psychologists and then back- translated into English by 3 clinical psychologists. After a preliminary study, the final questionnaire was administrated on 2,018 adolescents (975 boys and 1,043 girls) in five largest provinces of Iran (Tehran Khorasan, Fars, Isfahan and East-Azerbaijan).

Results: Findings revealed that internal consistency, test-retest, and convergent validity of this questionnaire with Eysenck EPQ, YSR and the questionnaire for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age children (6 to 18 years) (K-S ADS-PL) were satisfactory.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, MMPI-A questionnaire has satisfactory psychometric properties for application in Iranian community, and can be used as a tool for rapid evaluation and screening of people with mental disorders by researchers, psychologists, psychiatrists and counselors in mental health centers.

026- Attitude towards Cigarette Smoking in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Children Compared to their Normal Siblings and Normal controls

Marvam Kousha 1 , Nasim Nekuee shoja 1 , Hossein Soroush1, Kiomars Najafi1, Zahra Mohtasham Amiri'

1. Corresponding Author: Department of psychiatry, Shafa hospital, faculty of medicine, Guilan University of medical sciences, Rasht, Guilan, Iran.

2.Department of social medicine, faculty of medicine, Guilan University of medical sciences, Rasht, Guilan, Iran.

*Email: maryamkousha&yahoo. com

Introduction: ADHD is a common disorder in children and adolescents. Children and adolescents with ADHD are at a high risk for cigarette smoking and substance abuse. Studies show earlier age of onset of cigarette smoking in this group.

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the attitude towards cigarette smoking in 7 to 12 year old children with attention deficit- hyperactive disorder compared to their normal siblings and control group.

Methods: This was a comparative cross sectional study performed on three groups of 7 to 12 year old children. The first group was patients referred to Shafa Hospital who met diagnosis of ADHD by clinical interview of child and adolescent psychiatrist and semi- structured K- S AD S (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for school age children) interview. The second group was siblings of the first group, and the third group was patients referred to dentistry clinic of Guilan University who did not have ADHD by clinical interview and K- SADS. Attitude toward cigarette smoking, and demographic data were also gathered by another questionnaire.

Results: Our study show negative attitude of ADHD group towards cigarette smoking, and no difference was found between the 3 groups, and between boys and girls. However, there was a reverse correlation between age and negative attitude toward cigarette smoking (r= -0.618). Further, there was a significant difference in ADHD group attitude towards becoming more relaxed by cigarette smoking compared to others group.

Conclusion: Negative attitude toward cigarette smoking in our groups shows that the age of changing attitude toward cigarette smoking in these adolescents would be higher. Attitude of ADHD adolescents toward becoming relaxed by cigarette smoking is an indication of motor and mind restlessness, which need special attention and treatment. The result of this study could be a preliminary step for performing more studies to determine target groups for preventive education of adolescents about cigarette smoking.

027- Effect of Computer Games on Aggression of Elementary School Students

Khatoon Pourmaveddat1 , Vahide Salah', Lila Gashtasb3,Fatemhekeshavarz4' Razieh Ahrami5 and Mojgan Shooshtari6

1 Corresponding author'.Psychology Department,Payant Noor UniversitvBushehr, Islamic Rpublic of Iran

2 Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children. Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.

3 Pavam Noor University. Kazeroon, Islamic Rpublic of Iran

4 Pavam Noor University. Kazeroon, Islamic Rpublic of Iran

5 Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children. Islamic Republic of Iran

6 Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children. Islamic Republic of Iran

Mail:pay ame_5 l&yahoo. com

Introduction: Entering personal computers into homes and schools created a new world for children which affect children's personal and social dimensions of life. Internet and computer games which are instructive can bring together other psychological problems in addition to medical problems such as obesity, malnutrition bone problems, vision.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate students' aggression according to rate and type of computer games.

Methods: The participants of this study were 150 students (56females and 94males) in third, fourth, and fifth grades. They were selected based on random cluster sampling method. The Aggression Questionnaire (Shahim, 1386) was used. Students were divided into 3 groups that were as follows: 1) Students who did not play; 2) Students who playednon- aggressive games;3) Students who played aggressive games.

Results: The result of one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference among mean score of reactive aggression (F = 4.53, Ρ <001), overt aggression (F= 3.7, P<.02) and relational aggression (F=3.64, P<02)in the three groups.

Conclusions: Research results showed that children who played aggressive games showed aggressive behaviour more than those who played non-aggressive games and children who did not play computer games had less aggressive behaviour.

028- Appraisal of Relation between Attachment styles and Emotional Intelligence with Problematic Internet Use in High School Students

Farshbf Khoshnazar, Esmail1., Abe din, Ali Reza2., Monirpoor, Nader3

1. Corresponding author: Child and Adolescent clinical psychologist, MA, Department of clinical psychology, SHahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

2. Clinical Psychologist, PhD, Associate Professor of clinical psychology Department, SHahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

3.Health Psychologist, PhD, Assistant Professor of clinical Psychology Department, Islamic Azad University, Oom branch, Pardisan Twon, Oom, Iran. Email: e. khoshnazar&yahoo. com

Objective: The present study was designed and conducted with the aim of appraising the relationship between attachment styles and emotional intelligence with problematic internet use in high school male students.

Method: Four hundred eighty boys from various districts in Tehran were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling as the subjects of the study. They completed Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Schutte Self-Report Inventory (SSRI), and Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS). Data were analyzed thorough multivariate analysis of regression, one way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: There was a significant correlation between the presence of father and relationship with father at all three levels of attaclunent styles (Trust, Communication Alienation) with problematic internet use. There was a negative relation between emotional intelligence and problematic internet use. No significant relations were found between the three variables of parent literacy level, family income level and students' major course of study with problematic Internet use. Yet, significant differences were observed between areas of residence and problematic internet use.

Conclusion: Overall, there were significant relationships between the boys' problematic internet use with factors related to their attaclunent, relationships, and emotional intelligence. Hence, it is suggested to design and implement preventive measures such as parents' awareness trainings as well as interventions and treatments that are focused on parent- child relationship and attaclunent styles.

029- Prediction of Internet Addiction based on the Components of Emotional Intelligence among Adolescent Girls in Shiraz

ZobevdehDehghanManshadi1, Seyede Zahra Emadï, MariehDehghanManshadi3*

1. MSc. of clinical psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

2. MSc. of clinical psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

3. Corresponding author: MSc. of clinical psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

* E-mail: marieh.dehghan&gmail.com

Introduction: Internet addiction is a disorder whose prevalence has been increasing in recent years (vizshefer, 1384). Yang's and Tung's study (2007) showed that among 1708 high school-age adolescents, 13.8% were addicted to internet. The researchers identified several risk factors for problematic internet usage, including poor interactions with teachers and other students, and conflict in family relationships (Wang, Zhou, Lu, Wu, Deng & Hong, 2011).Another factor is emotional intelligence (EQ) that is negatively associated with internet addiction (Khatiri, Yanesari, Homayouni, Gharib, 2010). The role of emotional intelligence and internet addiction among college students has been approved (Jafari and Fateliizadeh 1390). Considering the importance of emotional intelligence in human life, studying this variable among the most vulnerable population groups .mainly young people, seems to be indispensable (Huang &Shen 2010).Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between motional intelligence and internet addiction in adolescent girls in Shiraz.

Method: This was a correlational research. In this study, components of emotional intelligence were the independent variable (predictive), and internet addiction, was the dependent variable (criterion). Statistical population was all high-school girls in Shiraz; among whom, 262 students were selected with random-cluster sampling method. Research tools were Young's Internet Addiction Test(1998), and Schutte Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (2000).Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (correlation and regression methods).

Result: There was a significant and inverse relationship between the total score of emotional intelligence and internet addiction (p<0/05); and among components of emotional intelligence, optimism / emotion regulation at the level of (p<0/01) and social skills at the level of (p<0/05) were significant. However, components of appraisal of emotion and application of emotion were not associated with internet addiction and there fore were excluded from the regression calculations. Regression analysis showed that the optimism component (ß=- 0/16) and social skills component (? =0/4) can predict internet addiction among adolescent girls in Shiraz.

Conclusion: Emotional intelligence can be one of the predictors of the internet addiction and these findings were consistent with several studies like Jafari and Fateliizadeh (2011). Accordingly, emotional intelligence therapy can be used for reducing internet addiction among adolescents.

030- Profile of ADHD Children with Border line Intellectual Functioning on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Fourth Edition- (WISC-IV) - A preliminary study

Hassan Shahrokhi1, Ali Bahari Gharagoz1

1.Corresponding Author: Department of Psychiatry/ Child& Adolescent Psychiatrist , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Objectives: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children- forth edition-(WISC-IV)is one of the most important tools to help diagnose clinical groups. Despite the high prevalence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in children with border lineintellectual functioning, WISC-IV factor structure among this population has not been discovered. Therefore, in this study, the operating structure of the WISC-IV scores among children with ADHD and borderline intellectual functioning was assessed.

Methods and Materials: One hundred twenty three 8- 16 year old children with ADHD were evaluated using WISC-IV. Of them, 44 children were diagnosed with borderline intellectual functioning. TotallQ, general ability Index and four WISC-IV indices (e.g.: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed) were compared using dependent t-test.

Results :The results of data analysis showed that: 1 - Average total IQ, general ability index, verbal comprehension index, perceptual reasoning index, processing speed index and working memory index were 79/75, 85/5, 84/5, 85/5,85/09, 75/7 respectively. 2- No significant differences were observed between verbal comprehension (formerly called verbal IQ) and perceptual reasoning (formerly called performance IQ) in ADHD children with borderline intellectual functioning. 3-A significant difference was observed between working memory index and the other four indicators. 4- There was a significant difference between total IQ and general ability Index, verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning index.

Conclusion: The survey results support Berkeley's theory of executive dysfunction-including working memory-in ADHD children.

031-The Relationship between Attitude toward Parents and Sense of Loneliness and Internet Addiction in Adolescents

TaiebehYegcmeh 1 Abbas Ali Hosseinkhanzadeh" Marjan Mehr\>arzs

1. Corresponding author: young researchers club, Tonekabon branch, Islamic Azad university, Tonekabon, Iran

2. Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

3.M. ?., In Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad university, Iran

*Email: taiebehjveganeh&yahoo. com

Introduction: As internet addiction is supposed to be a behavioral dependency to encounter psychological problems, the aim of the current study was to study the relationship between attitude toward parents and sense of loneliness and internet addiction in adolescents.

Methods: This was a descriptive correlational study, and the statistical population included all male and female high school students of Amol in 2011-2012. One hundred students were selected through randomized cluster sampling. Attitudes Test toward Parents, Asher Social and Emotional Sense of Loneliness Questionnaire, and Young Internet Addiction Test were used. Data analysis tools were mean standard deviation, Pierson correlation test, multi regression and one-way Anova test.

Results: A significant positive correlation was found between the attitude toward parents and internet addiction (p<0.05). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between sense of loneliness and internet addiction (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Considering the main role of family in training children, it may be stated that internet addiction is caused by types of relationships between the family members. Thus, dissatisfaction of adolescents' emotional needs in family is one of the reasons of internet addiction.

032- Title: Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Hyperactivity and Serum Inflammatory Mediators in Children with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder

EbrahimAbdollahian1, Hariri, AI'

1. Associate Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

2. , MSPH, Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical of Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Background and Aim: There is evidence showing that increased inflammatory mediators and reduced serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids may be present in patients with neurodevelopment and psychiatric disorders, e.g. Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on hyperactivity, attention deficit, and serum inflammatory mediators in children with ADHD.

Materials and Methods: This was an 8-week randomized double-blind clinical trial. The participants were 103 6 to 12-year old children with ADHD receiving effective maintenance therapy, who was assigned randomly to receive either a daily omega-3 supplement (635 mgeicosapentaenoic acid and 195 mg docosahexaenoic acid (intervention group) or a placebo visually similar to the omega-3 capsules (placebo group). The serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined at baseline and at the end of the intervention period. In addition the abbreviated 10-item Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) was completed for each child before and after the intervention.

Results: The intervention brought about statistically significant reductions in the levels of CRP and IL-6 and, a significant improvement in the CPRS score in the omega-3 group.

Conclusion: The findings indicate that dietary omega- 3 fatty acid supplementation can have desirable effects on hyperactivity, attention deficit and inflammatory mediators in children with ADHD.

033-Relation between Mental Health and Emotional Bond with Parents inHigh School Students

Ali Akbar HaddadiKuhsar M.A1, Bagher Ghobari Bonab, Ph.Dr

1. Clinical psychology, University of Tehran, Faculty of psychology and education, Tehran, Iran,

2. Associate professor, University of Tehran, Faculty of psychology and education, Tehran, Iran,

Email: Yamola280(a)yahoo. com

Introduction: The aim of the current study was to investigate the relation between mental health and emotional bond with parents in high school students. Materials and Methods: To fulfill the stated goal, 120 high school students in Qom were selected by multistage cluster sampling, and the following measures were administered on them: Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis and Melisaratos, 1983), and the Scale of Emotional Bond with Parents (Haddadi, 2006).

Results: Analysis of data using multiple regression analysis revealed that mental health of adolescents can be predicted by their emotional bond with parents. Students who had an intense emotional bond with their parents were healthier, but those adolescents who had problematic and cold relation with their parents had more mental health problems.

Conclusions: Intimate relations with parents are crucial in maintaining mental health in adolescents. Theoretical implication and practical application of this finding are discussed in the original paper.

034- Diagnostic And Treatment Challenges Of Pediatric Bipolar Mood Disorder

Murad Bakht1

1. Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist Brampton Civic Hospital, Ontario, Canada

Objective: The speaker will highlight the mode of presentation of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, how bipolar and ADHD are similar, and how they are different. Why bipolar kids are difficult to diagnose? The speaker will further identify risk factors that may predict eventual manic episode, and will outline assessment, available treatment option and management strategy moving beyond episodes. Finally he will predict outcomes.

Method: Critical review of various literature on the topic

Result: Bipolar disorder can and do occur in children and adolescents. Bipolar disorder resembles, but differs from ADHD, and other neurobiological conditions. Symptoms of bipolar disorder usually arise during adolescence, and may elapse several years before the formal diagnosis was made. In patients with bipolar disorder, depressive symptoms and episodes are more common than manic or hypomanic episodes over the course of the disease. With bipolar disorder in children one needs to understand how the symptoms evolve over time. However, diagnosis and management of this disorder are complicated by high proportion of comorbid conditions and non-compliance. Compared with adults, children and adolescents with bipolar disorder may have prolonged early course and are less responsive to treatment.

Conclusion: Bipolar disorder is a devastating mood disorder that may require lifelong treatment. The diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents remain challenging. Medication commonly used to treat bipolar disorder may not be safe or effective for children or adolescents, yet the consequence of not treating the disease are significant. A treatment plan combining medication and psychosocial management prevents relapse. However, more research on diagnostic clarification and effective treatment is needed.

035- Gabapentin as a Combination Treatment with Lithium in Adolescents with Bipolar disorder: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical trial

Nooshin Pan'aresh1 , Rozita Davari-Ashtiani' , Shahin Akhondzadeh3

1. Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

2. Corresponding author: Imam Hossein Hospital, Department of psychiatry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical

2. Behavioral Sciences and Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3.Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

*Email: rodavariixpsbmu. ac. ir

Prepubertal or early onset bipolar disorder (BPD) commonly presents as a chronic continuously cycling disorder with high rates of mixed states. Children and adolescents with BPD also have high rates of co - morbid psychiatric disorders. Patients with an early onset (younger than 17 years of age) have a worse course of illness. Treatments with demonstrated efficacy and safety for pediatric BPD are clearly needed, but there have been few controlled studies of pharmacologic treatments.

Geller reported the first prospective controlled trial of lithium monotheapy in adolescents with BPD and secondary substance dependency using children's Clinical Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) score of > 65 as a response criterion. It was determined that 46.2% of subjects responded favorably to lithium compared to 8.3% for placebo. Open label trials with lithium, divalproex sodium and carbamazepine showed the unsatisfactory response rate of %38, 53% and 38%, respectively.

Combination treatment of divalproex and quetiapine in the randomized double-blind, placebo - controlled study in adolescents with BPD showed 87% response rate in divalproex+quetiapine group comparing to 53% in the divalproex+placebo group. High rate of comorbid anxiety disorders in early onset BPD, also complicates the course of each disorder. and pharmacological management of the co-morbid anxiety disorder is complicated by potential destabilization in a child or adolescent with BPD . In these cases, the initial goals of treatment include mood stabilization and selection of thymoleptic agents with efficacy in the co-occurring anxiety disorders.

It has been suggested that combination therapy is necessary for some patients with BPD, which may reasonably be well-tolerated by youths. However, there remains a need for more controlled prospective studies to delineate how to most efficiently and safely combine medications in pediatric BPD. Gabapentin (GBP) is reported to be effective on reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.

GBP increases the synthesis of GABA and enhances the release of non-synaptic GABA in the brain. It also seems to decrease the release of noradrenaline and dopamine from potassium-stimulated neural tissue on the level of ion channels. GBP has weak antagonistic effects on voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels.

The pharmacokinetics of GBP is very favorable. It is well absorbed following the oral administration, not metabolized or bound to plasma proteins, and excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Thus, GBP does not interact with other drugs, does not induce clinically significant alterations in lithium pharmacokinetics in patients with normal renal function and is overall well tolerated. GBP was initially thought to be of potential benefit for the treatment of BPD in adults based on the reports from chart reviews, case reports and open clinical trials. However, more methodologically rigorous studies have failed to support the use of GBP in the treatment of adults with mania. An open trial of adjunctive GBP to lamotrigin in drug resistant adults with BPD showed no significant therapeutic difference with placebo, but the researchers questioned if it would be effective in younger patients.

Data in youths consisted of a case report of 13 year old boy with bipolar mania and ADHD who was treated with GBP as add-on therapy to carbamazepine. The response was reported to be favorable with no serious adverse effects. However, there is no controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of GBP in children and adolescents with BPD.

Furthermore, the authors undertook this study to evaluate the efficacy of GBP as a combination treatment with lithium in adolescents with BPD.

Method: To investigate the role of GBP in the treatment of adolescents with BPD, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lithium with GBP carried out in a child psychiatric ward in Imam Hosssein Hospital (Tehran-Iran) in 2008-2009. The trial was registered in Iranian Registration of Clinical Trials with the registration number: IRCT201010172000N4, and the Ethics Committee of Behavioral Sciences research center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran gave approval for the trial.

Sixteen patients were randomly selected to receive GBT with a target daily dose of 400mg and 15 participants were in placebo group. Both groups received lithium at the doses producing a serum concentration of 0.8-1 meq/1 for 8 weeks. They required to have a diagnosis of BPD according to K- SADS confirmed by two child psychiatrists. They were eligible for entry into the study if the following criteria were met: 1) 10 -17 years of age; 2) score more than 20 in the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS); and 3) not being on any psychiatric medication for at least two weeks before the trial. 4) Written informed consent was taken from all participants. The exclusion criteria included: 1) any significant medical illness; 2) IQ lower than 70; and 3) meeting the criteria for substance abuse. A flow chart of the treatment allocation pathway is included in figure 1.

In severe cases if aggressive behavior or psychosis was severe, they received risperidone 1-3 mg per day. The primary outcome measure was YMRS. Additional scales included Hamilton-Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and CGI (Clinical Global Impression). Weight changes and adverse effects of the drugs during the treatment were also investigated.

The records of YMRS, BDI and HAM-A were collected for each participant at baseline and at the weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8. The adverse effects were recorded according to the questionnaire for side effects at the weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8. CGI and weight changes were measured at the baseline and at the 8th week. Improvement was defined as 50% decrease in the YMRS scores according to prior studies.

The intent-to-treat group comprised all adolescents with bipolar diagnosis who were admitted to hospital during the period of trial.

Longitudinal changes in YMRS, BDI and HAM-A scores were assessed using the repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The CGI and weight changes between the two groups were compared using paired student t - test.

Results: The allocation pathway is shown in Figure 1. Thirty one adolescents (24 females and 7 males) completed the baseline assessment (YMRS, BDI, HAM-A and CGI) and were randomized to either treatment with lithium plus GBP (n=16) or lithium plus placebo (n=15) for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in the age, sex and mean scores of YMRS, BDI, HAM-A and CGI at the baseline between the two groups. Change from baseline was significant for both groups in YMRS, BDI, HAM-A and CGI after eight weeks, but the difference between the two treatments was not significant (Table 1).

Improvement, which was defined as 50% decrease in YMRS scores, in the 8th week in the GBP group was 87.5%, and in the placebo group, it was 80%. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the percentage of responders to the treatment by Fisher's exact test.

Twelve patients from the GBP group and nine patients from the placebo group received risperidone (1-3 mg a day) for aggressive behavior, agitation or psychosis. There were no differences between two arms according to the risperidone prescription.

No participants stopped drug use due to side effects, but there were 7 drowsiness , 3 dizziness, 5 nausea and 6 increased appetite in the GBP group and 4 drowsiness, 1 dizziness, 1 nausea and 5 increased appetite in the placebo group .

Weight change was present in both groups from baseline, but the difference was not significant (Table 1).

Discussion: This was essentially a negative trial with no significant difference between GBP and placebo groups on the outcome measures of YMRS, HAM-A and BDI. Although both groups had a decrease in total YMRS from baseline to endpoint, this decrease was not significant. The study showed a significant improvement in terms of reduction in YMRS scores from baseline in both groups, which was more than the percentage of improvement reported for lithium mono theapy.

There was no positive effect of GBP on adult's acute manic phase, but it was reported to be effective in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic. Although the present trial did not differentiate anxiety disorders, according to HAM-A scores, no reduction in the severity of anxiety was observed.

None of the participants stopped GBP use due to its side effects, but drowsiness, dizziness, increased appetite and nausea were reported more in the GBP group than in the placebo group, which is in the line with other studies about the side effects of GBP. Weight increase from baseline was present in both groups which was expected because it is a side effect of lithium.

This was the first double-blind randomized placebo- controlled trial of the combination of GBP and lithium in adolescents with BPD. The results showed no significant difference in the effect of GBP and placebo in reducing manic, anxiety and depressive symptoms. In this report, low doses of GBP were used because aggressive behavior and hyperactivity have been reported among children who received high doses of GBP. The limitations of this study include small sample size, low dose of GBP, and undifferentiating the type of the anxiety disorder.

036- Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) on the Reduction of Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) Symptoms of 4-7 Year Old Children in Kermanshah.

Farahnaz Shakehnia1 *, Behrouz Behrouz2, Hamid Reza Arab3, Ahmad Yarmohammadian4, Masood Ashrafabadi 3

1. Corresponding Author: M. A. student of psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran

2 Μ A. student of psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran

3. M. A. student of psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran

4. Ph. D. Associât professor of psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran

5. M. A. student of psychology, University of Allameh Tabatabaee, Iran

Email Address: F.shakehnia@gmail. com

Introduction: Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is the most common anxiety disorder in childhood. Since the root of many childhood disorders is in parents- children negative interaction, implementing a treatment plan to reduce separation anxiety disorder in children is very important. Reconstruction of parent-child interactions may be useful in treating other disorders of childhood.

Objectives: The present paper has been done by aiming to investigate the effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) on the reduction of separation anxiety disorder symptoms of 4-7 year old children in Kermanshah.

Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population included all 4-7 year old children in kindergartens of Kermanshah in 2011. Statistical sample was 30 pairs of mothers and children with separation anxiety disorder. These mothers were selected through random multiuse stage sampling; of them, 15 were placed in the experimental group and 15 in the control group randomly. The experimental group received 5-sessions of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), while the control group received no intervention. In order to assess the child's separation anxiety, Child Symptom Inventory 4th edition (CSI-4) was used. The obtained data were tested through descriptive statistics and covariance analysis.

Results: Results of covariance analysis showed significant reduction in symptoms of separation anxiety in the experimental group compared with the control group. Results of covariance analysis in the follow up stage showed significant reduction in symptoms of separation anxiety.

Conclusion: Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) confirms the need of children with symptoms of separation anxiety and their parents to such psychotherapy training. Lack of attention to the symptoms of separation anxiety in children may lead to further damage, such as anxiety disorders. Therefore, this kind of psychological training could also be effective in reducing anxiety symptoms of children, and could play a role in preventing next psychological damages.

037- Speech and Language Therapy in Childhood Onset Schizophrenia

SousanSalehi 1 , Amir Ansari 2,NasimMardani 3, Mohammad Reza Khodaei4

1. Corresponding author: Department of Speech Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.

2. Student of Educational Psychology (MA) Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch.

3. Student of Speech Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences .

4. Assistant Professor, University Of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation.

*Email: [email protected]

Introduction: Childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) is a developmental disorder with symptoms including speech and/or language deficits, cognitive deficits as well as hallucinations. Since the description of schizophrenia by Blueler in 1911, the literature continues to support the belief that language disorders is one of the main symptoms of schizophrenia. However, some of these children probably have language delay before illness. One of the primary features of verbal deviation in Childhood Onset Schizophrenia is abnormal semantic. Thus, knowledge about treatment approaches and specific methods are of importance to rehabilitation professionals.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of speech therapy for treatment of communication disorders in COS.

Methods: In this study, 15 articles related to speech and language problems in this disorder were selected from PubMed, science direct, Willey, scholar Google, and Scopus web sites and were then examined.

Results: These examinations suggested that children with COS experienced problems in other speech and language domains. The most prevalent problems were reported in pragmatic, prosody, auditory processing and abstract language. In addition, there are differences between receptive and expressive language. There are limited articles that also imply voice disorders, fluency disorders and articulation which exist in some children with COS. Feedback and monitoring approaches are the suggested methods for language therapy in these children.

Conclusion: The aims of these treatment approaches are to enhance verbal communication and awareness of social skills in children with COS. Other behavior therapies are also used in speech and language therapy in COS.

038- Psychiatric Consultation in General Medical Setting

JavadGolmirzaei1

l.Correspondingauthor: Child and Adolescents Psychiatrist, Research Center for Behavioral and Neurosciences, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.

*Email:[email protected]

In general, the aims of psychiatric consultation in medical/surgical settings are as follows: 1) to ensure the safety and stability of the patient within the medical environment; 2) to collect sufficient history and medical data from appropriate sources to assess the patient and formulate the problem; 3) to conduct a mental status examination and neurological and physical examinations as necessary; 4) to establish a differential diagnosis; and 5) to initiate a treatment plan.

In the general medical setting, as many as 30% of patients have a psychiatric disorder.

The presence of a psychiatric disturbance has repeatedly been shown to be a robust predictor of increased hospital length of stay.

Psychiatric consultation is indicated whenever another doctor asks for help with a patient. Consultation requests cover a wide range of topics:

1. Acute stress reactions

2. Aggression or impulsivity

3. Agitation

Although the general guidelines for consultation regarding children and adolescents are similar to those for adults, there are specific considerations that are unique to the pediatric population.

The role of the C-L consultant includes the evaluation and treatment of developmental, behavioral, and psychological problems as manifest in children, adolescents, and families in the medical setting. Often this role includes an awareness of the special psychiatric needs of this population in a pediatric setting, particularly in children facing traumatic medical procedures and hospitalization. In addition to an ability to identify the social, environmental, and cultural factors relevant to any psychiatric consultation, the consultant should be able to appreciate developmental and family issues as they apply to diagnosis and intervention. It is essential that the consultant have expertise in areas that include behavioral effects of medications, noncompliance with treatment, treatment of chronic pain, reaction to acute and chronic medical illness, disorders of attachment, parent-infant relationship difficulties, speech and language disorders, learning disabilities, and psychiatric disorders specific to childhood. The C-L consultant should have an in-depth understanding of medical illness, as well as a general knowledge of procedures, medications, hospital routines, and outcomes for children and adolescent patients.

039- The Effect of Psychological Preparation on Reduction of Surgery Anxiety Signs In Children

Mohammad Reza Majzoobi1, Rozita Amani2, Faezeh Majzoobi3

1. Corresponding author: M.A Student, Department of psychology, Razi University, Kermanshah,Iran

2. Ph.D. in family counseling, Department of psychology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Si na University, Hamedan, Iran.

3. Bachelor of Anesthesia, Beheshti Hospital, Hamedan, Iran

Email: mr. majzoobi&gmail. com

Introduction & Objective: As surgery operation is a stressful experience for patients and anxiety can lead to such sings as increase of heart rate, hypertension, and bleeding and post- operation symptoms, it is necessary to implement ways to reduce anxiety especially for children. This study aims at investigating the psychological preparation on reduction of surgery anxiety signs in children.

Materials & Methods: In a pilot study in ShahidBeheshti hospital, Hamedan 30 children aged 6-12 prepared for urological surgery were randomly selected and placed into two groups of control and test. The Psychological preparation program was conducted for the test group. The data collection tools were Personal Informed Questionnaire, and Hamilton Anxiety and the observation sheet of vital signs such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure rate.

Results: The obtained data from multivariable variance analysis (MANOVA)showed that psychological preparation leads to significant reduction of surgery anxiety in children. Children of the test group showed less anxiety prior to surgery compared with the control group.

Conclusion: The method of psychological preparation for surgery can be applied as an effective way to reduce surgery anxiety in children in all hospitals of the country.

040- Profile of ADHD Children with Borderline Intellectual Functioning on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Fourth Edition- (WISC-IV) - A preliminary study

Hassan Shahrokhi1 ,Ali Bahari Gharagoz1

1. Corresponding Author: Department of Psychiatry Child& Adolescent Psychiatrist, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Objectives: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children- fourth edition-(WISC-IV)is one of the most important tools to help diagnose clinical groups. Despite the high prevalence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in children with borderline in tellectual functioning, WISC-IV factor structure among this population lias not been discovered. Therefore, in this study, the operating structure of the WISC-IV scores among children with ADHD and borderline intellectual functioning was assessed.

Methods and Materials: One hundred twenty three 8- 16 year old children with ADHD were evaluated using WISC-IV. Of them, 44 children were diagnosed with borderline intellectual functioning. Total IQ, general ability Index and four WISC-IV indices (e.g.: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed) were compared using dependent t-test.

Results :The results of data analysis showed that: 1 - Average total IQ, general ability index, verbal comprehension index, perceptual reasoning index, processing speed index and working memory index were 79/75, 85/5, 84/5, 85/5,85/09, 75/7 respectively. 2- No significant differences were observed between verbal comprehension (formerly called verbal IQ) and perceptual reasoning (formerly called performance IQ) in ADHD children with borderline intellectual functioning. 3-A significant difference was observed between working memory index and the other four indicators. 4- There was a significant difference between total IQ and general ability Index, verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning index.

Conclusion: The survey results support Berkeley's theory of executive dysfunction-including working memory-in ADHD children.

041- Effectiveness of Self-control Training Program on the Rate of Bullying Behaviors of Boys at Second and Fourth Grade of Elementary School in Isfahan

Nasim Esteki- Azad1 , Dr. Shole Amiri'

1 Corresponding author: M.! Graduate student of Psychology and education of children with special needs. Hezarjirib St, Department of Behavioral Sciences & Psychology, Isfahan University, Isfahan, , Iran.

2. Associate Professor, Department of psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran.

E-mail: Azad.psy&gmail. com

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of Self- control Training Program on the rate of reducing bullying behaviors in male students of an elementary school in Isfahan. This was an experimental research with pre-test, post-test, and follow up (after six months of the post-test) design.

Method: Statistical population included all the bullies of the elementary school during 2009-2010 school year in the city of Isfahan, Iran. Research sample included 40 bullies who were selected after three stages of sampling by random multi-stage method, and were then randomly assigned to two groups of control and experimental. The research tools were Sociometry and Peer Relationship Questionnaire with three subscales including bullying, victim & prosocial behaviors. The Experimental group took part in 10 sessions of Self- control Training Program twice a week. Mancova analysis was used to analyze the data collected by SPSS-15 software.

Results: The result indicated that Self-control Training Program significantly decreased the rate of bullying behaviors and all its dimensions (P0.0001).

Conclusion: The most important application of this research is the effectiveness of Self-control Training Program to reduce bullying problems in schools and general society. This method is proposed to reduce the annoying and destructive behaviors and promote prosocial behaviors in children's homogenous relationships to all professionals.

042- Canadian Child And Adolescent Mental Health Services - A Model At William Osier Health System -Brampton Civic Hospital

urad Bakht1

1. Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist Brampton Civic Hospital, Ontario, Canada

Objective: The presenter will initially outline the infrastructure of child and adolescent mental health program at the Brampton civic hospital. Subsequently, with the help of video presentation, various clinicians will discuss in broader details about their role and contribution to the program.

Method: Physical structure of the child psychiatry department and live interview of supporting administrative staff and clinicians was videotaped by a professional video grapher. Hospitals' code of ethics including patients' confidentiality was maintained.

Results: The Inpatient Child and Adolescent Mental Health Program is sited at the Brampton Civic Hospital, which is situated in a vibrant multicultural community in the outskirts of Toronto, Canada. Since inception, the program has grown to encompass a central intake, out- patient services, intensive unit, inpatient services, and a day hospital, incorporating a preexisting out- patient community psychiatric clinic. Within this continuum of services, staff members use a multidisciplinary team approach to treat children and adolescents up to 17 years of age. For example, central intake provides the screening service for all referrals to the program. The out- patient service provides an initial psychiatric consultation and some limited follow-up. The intensive unit's role is to stabilize the acutely ill in a secure and supportive setting. Assessment initiation and determination of the next steps in management of the illness is also done by the unit. Once stabilized, the patient may move to the "step-down" inpatient unit, or the day hospital depending on mental status and individual needs. The patient receives multidisciplinary assessment of symptoms and stabilization of mental status through various therapeutic modalities. The program also endorses ongoing professional and educational development, essential to ensure the delivery of effective and efficient health care.

Conclusion: The central focus of mental health treatment for children, and adolescents up to 17 years of age is to use a multidisciplinary team approach on assessment of symptoms and stabilization of mental status leading to improvement of normal functioning within the context of family, community, and school. This unique video presentation includes 20 minutes of live oral presentation by the Author describing the infrastructure of the Canadian Child and Adolescent mental health service-" Brampton Civic Hospital Model". Following that, through a video presentation, the physical structure of the Child psychiatry unit will be presented to the audience for 10 minutes. Finally, 50 minutes of lively interaction by 24 clinicians as the multidisciplinary team members will describe their role and contribution to the program. Total presentation time will be approximately 80 minutes.

043- Preliminary Validation of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory -2 Child and Adolescent (STAXI-2 C/A) Questionnaire amongst 12-17 year Old Iranian Students

Azam Barabadil1 , Leila Heydarinasab2, Mohammad Ali Asghari moghadam3

1. Corresponding author: Masters Degree in Clinical Ppsychology,ShahedUniversity,Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences Counselling Office, Sabzevar. Iran

2. Assistant of Professor, ShahedUniversity, Tehran.Iran

3. Associate of Professor ,ShahedUniversity. Tehran, Iran

Email: [email protected]

Introduction: Angeris one of the most powerful emotions which is commonly experienced by children, and covers wide range, variety, and intensity of emotions. Anger is also associated with many mental and physical disorders. Self-assessment method provides sufficient information and makes group comparison possible. It is also an effective means in clinical diagnosis and behavioral disorders. In the rapidly growing world of psychology, there is a consistent increase in the need for standardized tools for specific languages and cultures. Since there is no questionnaire in Iran to measure child and adolescent anger, we need to translatend validate STAXI-2 C/A from English to Persian.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the measure of State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory -2 Child and Adolescent (STAXI-2 C/A) amongst 12-17 year old Iranian students.

Methods: In this descriptive study, 556 high school and junior high school students of Tehran were selected using randomized multistage cluster sampling. Validation of the (STAXI-2 C/A) was carried out on aspects of convergent and divergent validity using children depression inventory, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale , and Aggressive Behavior and Delinquent Behavior Subscales of Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist or Teacher Report Form. The results of the analysis supported the convergent and divergent validity of (STAXI-2 C/A).Reliability of the (STAXI-2 C/A) was examined in two ways: Cronbach alpha coefficient and test-retest reliability (with 14 days between the two assessments).

Results: Except anger expression- in scale, internal consistency of the other scales and test-retest coefficients of the (STAXI-2 C/A) were satisfactory to excellent.

Conclusion: In general, these findings support the validity and reliability of (STAXI-2 C/A) for a sample of Iranian students.

044- Use of Art Therapy Techniques in Group Training of High Functioning Autistic children to alleviate Language Impairment

NaghmehTaghvai *, Sara Mahabadf

1. .Corresponding author: Department of Psychology, Tarbiat Modorres University, Tehran, Iran

2 Language and Linguistics Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

*EmaiI: naghmeh taghva&yahoo. com

Language impairment is a salient feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, little research lias so far been devoted to defining and identifying language impairment in children with ASD. Although High Functioning Autistic (HFA) children have basic linguistic competence, their language impairment is a barrier to their communication and social relationship. Children can easily communicate with art and thus their motivation and involvement increase due to its playful nature.Art therapy techniques have always been considered while working with ASD children. In this interdisciplinary study, a psychologist and a linguist specified language impairments of HFA children after investigating research articles on this issue, and qualitative research to categorize and offer appropriate art therapy techniques for each specific area of language impairment. This study presents six different categories of language impairments in HFA children: articulation, word use, syntax and morphology, pragmatic, echolalia and use of deictic terms that are addressed with specific art therapy techniques such as play therapy, puppet therapy, music therapy, sand play, drama therapy, story-telling and presentation of stories via pictures. It is believed that since children communicate efficiently with art therapy in group trainings, some psycholinguistic interventions could be designed to remedy language impairments of these children.

045- Knowledge and Attitudes towards Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among Primary School Teachers

Fatemeh Moharrari1 , Atefeh Soltanifar1, mahsa b ara daran'

1. Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

2. General physician.

*Email: mohararifl (cfmums. ac. ir

Objective: Attention deficit/Hyper activity disorder is the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children. ADHD affects approximately 3% to 5% of school age children. ADHD children are at risk for academic and psychological difficulties. The purpose of this study was to assess knowledge and attitude of primary school teachers about ADHD, as they are important individuals who contribute to diagnostic and therapeutic programs.

Method: One hundred and one(lOl) primary school teachers in Mashhad ,Iran, voluntarily participated in this study and anonymously completed the Self- Questioner on Knowledge and Attitude of ADHD and Demographic information.

Results: In this study, 39% of participants were male and 61% were female, and most of them were married. The average age of the sample was 41 years and the average age of their teaching was 18.98 years. Of the subjects,55.9% agreed that ADHD is due to genetic and biological factors;85.9% knew that Ritalin is the stimulant drug for increasing attention; 60% believed that ADHD children are at risk of depression and only 1.1% sold all of them to gather; 60.4% of all respondents considered ADHD to be the result of parental spoiling. The knowledge score was relatively low (4.1 fromll score) and attitude was relatively low too (3.25 from 7 score). Furthermore, 49% of teachers believed that ADHD children should be educated with different patterns, and 25.5% believed that other students have to know about their ADHD classmates. There was not any correlation between teacher's knowledge of ADHD and their attitude. The main sources of knowledge about ADHD were: in service training, special books about ADHD, media , magazines and newspapers, MD personnel.

Conclusion: Knowledge about ADHD was found to be very low, and teachers' attitude was relatively wrong.

046- Persian Version of Confusion Assessment Method: A Valuable Scale for Assessment of Delirium in Intensive Care Units

Shima Safazadeh1 , Khalifezadeh Asghar1, Mehrabi Taiebeh1, Amin Mansoor Bahram1

1.Corresponding author:MSN, Head of Clinical Governance, AlzahraUniversity Hospital, Medical University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

*Email :Safa_sh58(a\vahoo. com

Introduction: Delirium is a general impairment of cognitional process which is known with sudden onset, disorientation impaired memory, hallucinations and hyperactive or hypoactive behaviors. There are several obstacles to diagnose this syndrome in Intensive Care Unit and special factors of this unit make it a challenging place for an accurate diagnosis of delirium. To standardize the assessment of cognitional status of patients, ICU nurses should exploit useful tools to arrange a care plane. Most valid psychiatric associations in the world suggest Confusion Assessment Method in ICU as a screening tool especially for the diagnosis of delirium.

Objective: This study aimed at assessing the validity and reliability of these tools.

Methods: At first Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale and Confusion Assessment Method in ICU were translated to Persian language by a Master of Arts in English language. Then the translated version was given to fifteen neurologists, psychiatrists and nurses who had ICU experiences to assess its content validity. The resulting amendments were given to another Master of Arts in English language who had no knowledge in medical field to turn it into English again. The back translation was emailed to Vanderbilt University experts for final rehearsals.

Results: To determine the validity of the Persian version of assessment tool of delirium, the scale was completed for ten patients and Chornbach's Alpha was calculated to be 0/87. The reliability of tools was also assessed by correlation between assessors and Kendall's agreement test. The score for Confusion Assessment Method in ICU was r=0/978 and in RASS, the Kendal correlation test was 0/782 which showed the agreement between those who completed these scales. After final confirmation by specialists this scale was registered in Vanderbilt University website.

Conclusion: This tool can be used in future studies and clinical situations.

047- Investigating the Effect of Olweus Program on Bullying Behaviors of High School Freshmen Male Students in Isfahan

Javad dorostkar1 ,Sholeamiri',Hossainali mehrabi3

1- Corresponding author: M.. I.in psychology; Department of psychology Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad Universitv(Isfahan) - Iran

2-Associate professor of psychology ; Department of psychology university of Isfahan- Iran

3- Assistant professor of psychology ; Department of psychology university of Isfahan- Iran

*Email: javaddorostkar&yahoo. com

Introduction: bullying is one of the most common behaviors among male adolescents. These behaviors have numerous individual and social consequences for the adolescents and others around them. Interactive Heedlessness Disorder and intense manners are of those consequences. Recently, some remedial methods have been offered one of which is Olweus Education method.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the effect of Olweus Education Method on bullying behaviors of high school freshmen male students in Isfahan.

Method: In this semi-experimental study, 30 students with bullying behaviors were selected from students of 2 high schools of Isfahan. The study included pretest, posttest and control group. The participants were selected through availability and accidental methods (nl=n2=15). The experimental group received training through Olweus Educational Method, and the control group did not receive any training. All participants were evaluated by Rigby and Slee Peer Relationship Questionnaire.

Results: covariance analysis revealed that Elvis Educational Method could improve approach to victims to 22% and decreased bullying behaviors to 78% and increased sociable behaviors to 24% in participants (p<0/05).

Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it would be possible to decrease vigorous behaviors in male teenagers to a high extent through presenting of Olweus Educational Model in high schools.

048- Attention Capacities of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Hassan Shahrokhi1, Leila Mehdizade Fanid1*, MajidMahmoodAliloo1 ,Neda Yadegari1

1. Corresponding Author: Department of Psychiatry/ Child & Adolescent Psychiatrist, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran

Objectives: Attention dysfunction has been shown as a core deficit in autism spectrum disorder. Impairment in attention and concentration influence learning, memory, daily living skills, and cognitive ability. The abilities to inhibit responses, discriminating relevant from non-relevant information utilizing system of rules, and solving problems are dependent on a child's memory and concentration. Methods: In this study, the possibility of deficits in sustained attention, and impairment in shifting attention in high functioning children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were evaluated. In total, 15 individuals with ASD ages 8-13 (diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria), and 15 volunteering normal individuals matched by age, gender, education and IQ completed the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results: The result from WCST showed that individuals with autism spectrum disorder had more preservative responses and errors and fewer conceptual level responses, and generated fewer categories than the control group. Therefore, significant deficits in shifting attention or, disengaging attention were observed in ASD subjects. Moreover, the ASD group performed somewhat poorer in terms of all the CPT variables than the controls, although the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion:The present study indicated a clear profile of attention deficits among the participants with ASD. Children with autism have unusual attentional capacities. They have difficulty attending to stimuli on demand (e.g. CPT test), but may have the ability to focus for hours on unusual aspects of their surroundings. The increased perseveration on the WCST by persons with autism generally demonstrates the difficulties in the area of set shifting. Set shifting refers to the ability to shift to a different thought or action according to changes in circumstances.

049- The Study of Effects of Family Cohesion and Flexibility on Social Self-Esteem in Adolescents

Reza Chalmeh', Mohammad Ali Nikkerdar2

1 Corresponding author: M.! in Educational Psychology, Fars Education Administer, Shiraz, Iran

2 M.! in Educational Psychology, Sepidan Education Administer, Sepidan, Iran

Email: rezachalmeh&yahoo. com

Introduction: Self-esteem is considered an important variable in adolescence period. Many authors suggest that self-esteem and social self-esteem are effected by and have close relationships with parents and peers.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of family cohesion and flexibility on the social self-esteem of adolescents.

Method: Participants were 125 (65 boys, 60 girls) high school students selected by random cluster sampling in Shiraz, Iran. The mean age of the students was 17. They completed three self-report instruments: family cohesion (Samani,2002), family flexibility (Shakeri,2003) and social self esteem (Lawson and et al, 1979). To examine reliability of measures, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used, and to determine validity, factor analysis were used. Data analysis was done using the Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis.

Results: Results of this study showed a significant positive relationship between all variables. Also, multiple regression analysis indicated that family cohesion and flexibility can positively predict social self-esteem in adolescents.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, a significant relationship was found between family communication and social self-esteem in adolescents.

050- Knowledge, and Attitude of Rasht Primary School Teachers toward Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Marvam Kousha1 , Robabeh Soleimani1, Ali Mehrabadi1

1. Corresponding Author: Department of psychiatry, Shafa hospital, faculty of medicine, Guilan University of medical sciences, Rasht, Guilan, Iran.

Email: maryamkousha&yahoo. com

Introduction: Knowledge and attitudes of teachers about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) play an active role in their behavior towards these students.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the elementary school teacher's knowledge, attitude and behavior towards ADHD students.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 400 elementary school teachers in Rasht in 2010 academic year completed a self-report, anonymous questionnaire which included demographic data, knowledge, attitude and behavior towards ADHD.

Results: Teachers (56 male and 344 female) had average knowledge about diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. Most of the teachers had neuter attitude toward ADHD students. Most of the teachers had a good behavior with ADHD students. The mean scores of attitude and behavior were higher in female teachers, and the mean score of attitude was higher in teachers with higher educational level (P=0/003). There was a significant correlation between teachers' knowledge and their behavior. (Respectively P=0/001, r= 0/18; P= 0/001, r= 0/16).

Conclusion: Most of the teachers had average knowledge and neuter attitudes toward ADHD and they had good behavior with these students.

051- Integration of Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse in Primary Health Care (PHC) in Iran

MahboubehDadfar1 , JafarBolhari', FereshtehDadfar3

1. Corresponding Author: Doctoral student in clinical psychology, Tehran of Medical Sciences University - International Campus, Tehran, Iran

2. MD. in psychiatry, professor,Tehran of Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran

3. Department of Biology, Faculty member of Pavam Noor University, Darab, Iran

*Email: mahboubehdadfar(a)yahoo. com

According to DSM- IV- TR, definition of child sexual abuse is the use of child as a means for the sexual gratification of an adult. Prevalence of child sexual abuse is high, but because of the secrecy of sexual aggressors and victims, having an exact estimation on child abuse is difficult in the community. Integration of child sexual abuse prevention project in Primary Health Care (PHC) is performed to optimum utilization of human resources and to reduce loss of energy and time. The project lias long - term, medium and short - term objects. Long - term objects include reducing the prevalence of child sexual abuse in the covered population; improving governmental policies and community services relating to child sexual abuse; changing people attitudes about child sexual abuse and its somatic and psychological side effects; changing social norms for being inevitable or naturally blazon of child sexual abuse. Medium - term objects are follows: increasing awareness and ability of health workers relating to identification and referral of child sexual abuse; caring regularly and continuously for children who have been exposed to sexual abuse; protecting children from families in which sexual abuse occur; training and treating child molesters. Short - term objects include: identifying child sexual abuse cases in the district by health teams (health workers and volunteers); referring these children to a physician or psychologist for counseling and therapy; tracking and providing care continuously; increasing the awareness of those boys and girls who are at risk; reducing prevalence of child sexual abuse in line of primary prevention from child sexual abuse. Different strategies should be used to prevent child sexual abuse including: preventive interventions in social and at the household levels; Prevention by coordination with various organizations individuals, families and community areas. Integration strategies to prevent child sexual abuse in PHC include administrative, political, training, treatment and research strategies which will be described in detail in the original article.

052- Buspirone versus Methylphenidate in Treatment of Children with ADHD: A randomized double blinded cross-over study of buspirone versus methylphenidate in the treatment of 6-16 year-old children with attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder

Mahin Eslami Shahrbabaki1*, Laya Sabzevari2, AliAkbar Haghdoost3, Rozita Davari-Ashtiani4

1. Correspondent author: Child &Adolescent Psychiatrist, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Department Of Kerman University Of Medical Sciences

2. Resident of Psychiatry, Kerman University Of Medical Sciences

3. PhD of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center for Modeling in Health, Kerman, Iran

4. Child &Adolescent Psychiatrist, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Department Of Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Sciences

*Email address: [email protected]

The efficacy and side effects of Buspirone compared with Methylphenidate(MPH) in treatment of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been examined in this study. Forty-four children with ADHD as defined by DSM-IV-TR were randomized to Buspirone or MPH and dosed similarly (0.5mg/kg/day)for 8 weeks in each treatment phase of a cross-over double-blind clinical trial with a one week washout period. The measurement instrument was the Teacher and Parent ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Side effects were assessed by the specific side effect checklist of each drug. In both groups, the scores of teacher and parent ADHD-RS significantly declined on the 8th week compared to the baseline (p = 0.0001). No significant differences were observed between the two drugs on the total scores of parent and teacher ADHD- RS. The side effects of Buspirone were mild and negligible in comparison with MPH. Buspirone also had a significant clinical and statistical impact on improving the ADHD symptoms in children. To support these findings further expanded studies are required.

053- Frequency of Psychiatric Symptoms in 5-17 Year old Children and Adolescents with Obesity

Fatemeh Moharari1 ,Fatemeh Behdani2 .

1. Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

2. Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e- Sina Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

*Email: mohararifl @mums. ac. ir

Introduction: Obesity among children and adolescents is a serious public health problem. Weight gain and obesity can affect self-confidence and social competence. Weight fluctuations, especially in childhood and adolescence are very common. The aim of this study was to evaluate all psychiatric symptoms in children and adolescents with obesity.

Methods: One hundred children aged 5-17 with obesity who referred to Pediatric Endocrinology Department in Imam Reza Hospital were selected. Sixty age matched individuals without obesity were selected as a control group. Psychiatric symptoms and quality of life were evaluated using the following questionnaires: SDQ, CDI, STATE TRATE ANXIETY and PEDS Qllnventory.

Results: In the case group, 21% were depressed and 79% were normal; this rate was 8.3% and 91.7% (p=0.035) in the control group respectively. A significant difference was observed between case and control groups in quality of life (pO.OOl). Social and behavioral problems, including over activity, conduct symptoms in case group was not significantly different from control group, while emotional symptoms and peer group problems was more in case group (p<0.05). Incase group, depression symptoms among females were higher than males, and in children were more frequent than adolescents.

Conclusion: Psychiatric symptoms in obese children and adolescents were more than those with normal weight. The rate of behavioral disorders had a high association with the level and quality of life of these people. Psychiatric symptoms in obese children would are more frequent than adolescents. Thus, with controlling childhood obesity many of these behavioral symptoms could be diminished in adulthood.

054- The Prevalence of ADHD in Iran: a meta- analysis study

SomayeJamali Paghale1*, Elham Aghaei2, Ahmad Abedi3

1- Corresponding author: MA in psychology of children with special needs.Payamnur University of Shahrebabak, Shahrebabakjran.

2- MA in clinical psychology.Payamnur University of Dezful.Dezfil.Iran

3- Phd in psychology of children with special needs. University of Isfahan. Isfahan. Iran.

*Email address: [email protected]

Introduction: One of the most prevalent childhood disorders that lias attracted the attention of psychologists and psychiatrists is ADHD.

Objective: This study examined the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Iran. In this study, meta-analysis by integrating the results of various studies was conducted to determine the overall prevalence of disorder.

Methods: Twelve studies which were methodologically accepted were selected and meta- analysis was done. The research tool was Meta- analysis Check List.

Results: The results showed that the prevalence of this disorder was significant , and the table Cohen was the middle.

Conclusion: Because ADHD is one of the most prevalent child hood disorders, the prevention and treatment of this disorder is of prime importance.

055- Bullying in School: Roll of Quality of Teacher - Student Relationship between Female Students of Guidance Schools

Pan'aneh Alaie1 ,Mansour Bavramf

1. Corresponding author: PhD Student of Educational Psychology, Tabriz University.

2Assistant Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tabriz University.

*Email:PAlaie(a>yahoo.com

Introduction: Bulling in school is one of the problematic behaviors in adolescents which lias recently been considered by educational psychologists and researchers. Research definitions of bullying generally include three criteria. It is widely accepted that bullying behavior causes harm (verbal, psychological or physical), and occurs in the context of a power imbalance and involves repetition of actions. Research has documented significant associations between aspects of teacher-student relationships and adolescents' bullying and behavioral maladjustments in school.

Objectives: This research aimed to examine the relationship between quality of teacher - student relationship and bullying between female students of guidance schools of Tabriz and nomination of contributing factors in predicting bullying. Comparison of bullying and teacher - student relationship quality in various classes were other goals of this study.

Methods and Materials: This was a correlation- descriptive research, in which 397 female students of guidance schools (2011-2012) were selected by multi- stage cluster random sampling method. The subjects completed Bullying Scale (BS) and Inventory of Teacher - Student Relationship (IT-SR).

Results: Results of data analysis by SPSS statistical software displayed a negative correlation between bullying and teacher - student relationship quality (r=- 0.26 , PO.Ol). Further, factors of Alienation/Intimacy and Trust predicted 13 % variance of bullying variable; Beta coefficients for predictor variables showed that Alienation/Intimacy factor was more important (ß= - 0.29). Also, students of the first grade of guidance school had a better relationship with their teachers (F= 106.61,P< 0.01) and displayed fewer bullying behavior than students of second and third grades (F= 21.82 , P< 0.01).

Conclusion: Bullying in school is a low violence. Considering the results, increased attention to teacher - student relationship quality is recommended for decreasing bullying and other maladaptive behaviors of students.

056- Evaluation of Semantic and Phonemic Fluency in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and its Relation to verbal Intelligence

Shahrokhi H, MehdizadehFanid L., Yadegari Ν

Objectives: Research has shown evidence for impaired verbal fluency functioning in children with autism. However, verbal fluency functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is still unclear. Besides, not much is known about the cognitive processes underlying verbal fluency performance in these individuals. Method: To evaluate the verbal ability of autistic children further, 15 children with ASD aged 6-13 were examined for their impairment in verbal fluency functioning compared to a matched control group. The groups were matched according to age, sex, IQ, and the level of education. Three semantic and two phonemic fluency tasks were used. The verbatim reports were analyzed, and the relation between verbal fluency and performance on the WISC- R factor scales was also studied. Results: The result revealed that the semantic fluency (F= 6.05, p<0.05), phonemic fluency (F= 12.63, p<0.01), and total scores (F= 5.75, p<0.05) in ASD group were significantly lower than the control group. Conclusion: The fluency deficits could not be attributed to a lack of strategy use or to difficulties in switching between strategies. Processing speed appeared to be a cognitive factor influencing verbal fluency performance.

057- Comparison of children with Cancer and Healthy Children in Emotional Clarity

Manijeh Firoozi1

1. University of Tehran, Pediatrics psychologist, Department of psychology,

*Email:manijeh Jiroozi(a)hotmail. com

Background: Emotional clarity is one of the factors of emotional intelligence and refers to awareness of own and other emotions. Children with cancer suffer from side effects of cancer treatment that lead to social and cognitive impairment. The main purpose of this study was to exam whether emotional clarity in children with cancer was damaged or not.

Methods: One hundred twenty eight in patient children with cancer (55 girls and 73 boys) and 134 healthy children (69 girls and 65 boys) participated in the study. Emotional clarity was assessed by McCain test and recognition of emotional faces.

Findings: Results showed that children with cancer significantly differed from the control group.

Conclusion: To explain this difference, some parts of brain such as "amygdale" that processes emotional information were damaged. Also, the role of social interactions such as the opportunity to interact with peers cannot be ignored.

058- Self- concept of Depressed Juveniles with a Chronic Disease

Shahrzad Yektatalab1 , Farkhondeh Sharif

1. PhD in Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing Department, Fatemeh College of Nursing & Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

2. PhD in Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing Department, Fatemeh college of Nursing & Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

*E-maile: [email protected]

Introduction: Hemodialysis is a very common method for treatment of patients suffering from renal failure. Currently, approximately 600 patients are under hemodialysis treatment in Shiraz/Iran.

Patients with chronic diseases experience inadequacy, despair, depression, and change in self-concept due to limitation in physical activities and change in body proportionality.

Objective: To compare self- concept of juveniles under hemodialysis treatment with healthy ones Methods: This is an analytic and descriptive study. The sample consisted of 72 individuals with age range of 12-18 years; of whom, 24 were under hemodialysis treatment and referred to Hemodialysis Center of Namazi Hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical sciences. The subjects lived in Shiraz and began their Hemodialysis treatment at least one year before the start of the study. They were selected by objective- oriented sampling for the duration of one month. Moreover, 48 healthy persons with age range of 12-18 years (24 girls and 24 boys) were randomly selected from Shiraz schools in one month. The questionnaire used for this study has three parts. The first part collected demographic information; the second part was the standard test of Tennesy which determined self-concept of adolescents; and the third part was Beck depression inventory test. The statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS statistical software.

Conclusions: The findings of the present research indicate that the juveniles who were under hemodialysis treatment were depressed and had a lower self-concept point than their healthy counterparts. Furthermore, a statistical difference was observed between them (pO.OOl).

059 Factors Associated with Sexual Behavior Problems in Young Sexually Abused Children

Eftekhar Hamid 1 *, Gholam Reza Manshaee2 , Mahbobeh Sadat Fadavi3 , Sanaz Ashkan4 , Narges Fathiahmadsarie 3

1. Corresponding author: PhD student, Department of Psychology, Isfahan Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University Isfahan, Iran

2. Assistance Professor, Department of Psychology, Isfahan Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

3. Assistance Professor, Department of administration, Isfahan Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

4. PhD student, Department of Psychology, Isfahan Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University Isfahan, Iran

Email: Ef.Hamidi (cùyahoo. co. uk

Objectives: The present study investigated variables associated with the presence of sexual behavior problems in young sexually abused children.

Method: Data were gathered from the clinical records of 18 sexually abused boys aged 3-7 years enrolled in two treatment programs. Information was coded systematically on approximately 350 areas related to the child and family's history and functioning, the sexual abuse experience, and treatment outcome. The children were grouped and compared according to their presenting sexual behavior into three categories: (1) developmentally "expected"; (2) "sexualized/self- focused", and (3) problematic "interpersonal" sexual behavior.

Results: Bivariate analysis and multivariate analyses highlighted five variables which were predictive of sexual behavior problems among sexually abused children. Sexual arousal of the child during his sexual abuse, the perpetrator's use of sadism, and a history of physical and emotional abuse differentiated between those children with and without "interpersonal" sexual behavior problems. Who the child blamed for his sexual abuse further contributed to the distinction between children whose sexual behavior was exclusively "self-focused" (sexualized) versus "interpersonal.

Conclusion: The five major predictor variables, as well as other variables identified in this study have potential utility in assessing child risk for negative outcomes and determining referral priorities for sexual abuse treatment. Sexual arousal and who the child blames for the abuse are prominent. Clinicians will need to ensure that sexually abused children and their caregivers are given specific opportunities to deal with this ordeal in the supportive context of therapy and treatment. Children with sexual behavior problems differ not only in the type and level of sexual behavior they exhibit but in other areas as well, suggesting a need for differential assessment and individualized treatment approaches.

060- Psychometrics Characteristics of Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ-PF.28) among the Iranian students

Zeinab Ghaempanah1, ParvizAzadfalah2 ,Seyed Kazem Rasoulzady Tabatabie3

1. General Psychology, Master of Science, Department of Psychology, Humanities faculty, TarbiatModares University, Tehran, Iran

2. Corresponding author: Health Psychology, Associate professor, Department of Psychology, Humanities ' faculty, TarbiatModares University, Tehran, Iran

3. Clinical Psychology, Associate professor, Department of Psychology, Humanities ' faculty, TarbiatModares University, Tehran, Iran

*Email: [email protected]

Introduction: Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Form (CHQ-PF.28) is one of the widely used measures for assessing health related quality of life.

Objective: The present study examined the psychometric characteristics of the Persian version of CHQ among Iranian students.

Method: Eight hundred school students (7-15yr old) were randomly selected from state schools in Tehran. The reliability of questionnaire was assessed by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) and test-retest. Construct and content validities were assessed by experienced professionals through factor analysis survey and concepts conformity according to the purpose of each subscale.

Results: The results of factor analysis pointed that this questionnaire satiated by two physical and psychosocial factors in Iranian sample similar to previous reported outcomes. Both CHQ summary measures and one multi-item scale showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's a>0.60). One summary measure and seven scales showed excellent test-retest reliability (r>0.65); seven scales showed moderate test-retest reliability (r: 0.45-0.65). In addition, significant correlation was found between factors in content analysis of items.

Conclusion: The CHQ-PF.28 performed well in Iran at item and scale level. The results of this study showed that the Persian version of CHQ have acceptable psychometric characteristics particularity in measuring students' health related quality of life.

061- The Effects of Parent Psych education Program on Treatment Beliefs in Mothers of Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder

FarzanehRahimpour1 *,Zohreh Khosravi2, Mitra Sepasi3, NajmehKhosrovan Mehr4, JavadMahmoudi Gharaei5'6

1. Corresponding author: MA in Psychology. Payam-e-Noor University ,Saveh, Iran.

2. PhD of Psychology, AlzahraUniversity. Tehran., Iran.

3. MA in clinical psychology. AlzahraUniversity.Tehran, Iran.

4. MA in Psychology. Imam Hossein Hospital. Tehran, Iran.

5. Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry Department. Roozbeh Hospital. Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran.

6. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

*E. mail:farzane_rl983@yahoo. com

Introduction: Bipolar disorder is an important affective disorder which has affected about 12% of the American population and begins in adolescence or early adulthood. One of the most tensional experiences for every family is to handle a child with a chronic illness such as bipolar disorder. Parents of bipolar children usually experience high amounts of pressure in getting along with their children's symptoms. They have had concerns about the side effects of the medications, stigmata related to the child's mental disorder and also negative representations about using medication on the part of children. The beliefs of patients or their families about the illness or the need for treatment affects the illness period. This study was designed considering the undeniable effects of parents' beliefs about treatment on their adherence to it, and also the effect of providing parents with psych education programs on increasing their knowledge about this illness in their children.

Objective: The main purpose of this research is to explain the effects of parent psych educational program along medication compared to medication alone on the treatment beliefs of mothers of adolescents suffering from bipolar disorder.

Methods: The participants in this study were 30 mothers of children with bipolar disorder from two hospitals in Tehran, who were selected through Convenience Sampling method. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: combined treatment (parent psych education program and medication) and medication alone. Each group included 15 subjects. They were evaluated by Parent Treatment Beliefs' Questionnaire. Independent t-test was used for data analysis.

Results: The total scores in difference of treatment beliefs and some subscales including special beliefs specific to child, general beliefs about medications, seriousness of illness, and knowledge about treatment were statistically significant between the two groups.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that combined treatment leads to a significant change in the mothers' treatment beliefs compared to mere medical treatment.

062- The Effect of Psychological Interventions on Social Adjustment in Adolescents: Meta-analysis

Elham Aghaie1*, Somaye Jamali2, Ahmad Abedi3

1. Corresponding Author: M.! in clinical Psychology.Pavamnur University of Dezful.DezfiI.Iran.

2. M.! in psychology.Payamnur University of Shahrbabak.Shahrbaba. Iran.

3. Phd. in psychology, University of Isfahan,Psychology Department.

Email: Elhamaghaei87(a\vahoo.com

Introduction: Social adjustment is important in adolescence period.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of psychological interventions on social adjustment of adolescents.

Method: In this case, meta-analysis integrated the results of different researches, and then determined the effect size. Twelve methodologically accepted studies were selected, and meta-analysis was done on them. Research tool was Meta-analysis Check List

Result: Findings of the research revealed that rate of effect size of psychological interventions on social adjustment was 0/48 which was statistically significant ( ρ < 0/001) this rate of effect size was considered asmiddle according to Cohen table.

Conclusion: psychological interventions should be utilized to increase adolescents' social adjustment.

0-63 Illustration Artin Educational Books to Increase Learning in Elementary School Children

FatemehHassanpour1 *

1. Corresponding author: Art research PhD student, TarbiatModares University, Tehran, Iran

*Email:hasanpour.fxi)gmail.com

Now a day children's books are considered as an important type of media as they deal with books for various purposes such as educational, artistic and cultural. Illustrationart in children's books is important; therefore, originality and beauty of images should be considered. In these types of books, pictures are more effective than texts. This study in spects the relation between images and texts in elementary school books. There fore, based on content analysis method, some books were inspected. In this study, it was revealed that children pay attention to the form and shapes of objects. Thus , to receive a favor able impaction knowledge of young children, visual sense of children should be stimulated.

064- Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavior Training of mothers on Decreasing ADHD Symptoms and Increasing Academic Performance of their ADHD Children

Roya rasoul1 ,Fahime Samee1

1. Corresponding author: Dept of psychology, Alzhara University

*Email: r_rasooli5(a)yahoo. com

Introduction: Attention deficit/ hyper activitydisorder is one of the most common mental disorders in children. Parents have a significant role in children's behavior. In Iran this role is prominent in mothers.

Purpose: The purpose of this experimental research was to investigate the effectiveness of mothers training on decreasing ADHD symptoms and increasing academic performance of their ADHD children.

Methods: Subjects were 45 mothers of children with ADHD who were selected randomly from Imam Hosein Clinic in Yazd. They were assigned in to 3 groups (Control group, prescribed drugs group, and prescribed drugs with mothers training group). The prescribed drugs with mothers training group received 9 sessions of mothers' cognitivebehavior training. Instruments were Conners' Parents Rating Scale (CPRS), and Academic Average administrated as pretest and posttest. Data were collected and analyzed by analysis of variance (Anova).

Results: The results showed that prescribed drugs and mothers training were effective in reducing ADHD symptoms (F=45/41))' (P<0/01). Also, the results of Tukey test

Showed that prescribed drugs group with training was effective in ADHD symptoms more than prescribed drugs group (P<0/01). Also, results showed no difference between prescribed drugs group and control group in term of academic performance (P=0/694(, but a difference was observed between prescribed drugs group with training and control group (P<0/01) in term of academic performance.

Conclusion: We can conclude that prescribed drugs with mothers training is more effective than prescribed drugs for improving ADHD symptoms. Also prescribed drugs cannot increase academic performance alone but mothers training can increase academic performance in these children.

0-65- Maternal Pre-pregnancy Obesity and Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Fariba Asefi1 ,Gholami Dar ab'

1. Corresponding Author: Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.

2. Orthodontist

Email: faribaasefi&yahoo. com

Introduction: Obesity (Body mass index (BMI) above 30) is one of the major health issues of the twenty first century. Over 1.1 billion of the world's population is now classified as obese. Women are more likely to be obese than men; over 50% of women of reproductive age are overweight or obese. Maternal obesity and the plethora of associated conditions have a serious impact on the health and development of their offspring.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate maternal obesity effects on conception, duration and outcome of pregnancy.

Methods: In this review, electronic searches were undertaken in PubMed, and Scholar Google on related articles published from 2007 up to 2012.

Results: Strong association lias been found between overweight/obesity and symptoms of attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children adolescents, and adults. Maternal obesity in pregnancy is associated with a number of adverse outcomes for mothers and their offspring both prenatally and later in life such as central nervous system problems, cognitive, behavioral and emotional problems in the fetus and the newborn eating disorders and tendency to be food addicts in teenage years and psychotic disorders in adulthood. ADHD, or ADHD symptoms of impulsivity or attention deficit play an important role in developing abnormal eating behaviors, which contribute to obesity.

Conclusion: Given the limitations of the existing data, these findings warrant further studies particularly in light of the current worldwide epidemic obesity. Improvement of the ADHD symptoms may reduce weight. Therefore, in addition to screening for addiction and binge eating in obese population ADHD should also be evaluated.

066- A Comparison of Working Memory Function Regulation and Pharmacotherapy Effectiveness to Reduce Symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Mohammadreza.mohammadil*,Aliakbar.soleimant,Za hra.farahmand3,Marvam salmcmiari4.

1. Correspondent author: Professorof child and adolescent psychiatry , Tehran University of Medical Science.Iran.

2.PhD of clinical psychology.

3. M.Sc Student of Clinical Psychology.Tehran University of Medical Science.Iran.

4. Clinical psychology

Email :mohammadi(a)tums. ac. ir

Introduction: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and critical disorder which consists of essential components such as working memory. Working memory as an executive function is a reference to process cognitive information in the short term and transfer it to the long term memory. Working memory facilitates and controls attention and prevents distraction in the subjects which need to sustain attention. Although plianna cotherapy improve daily performance in ADHD children it is more effective in long-term improvement if combined with other trainings.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare working memory regulation training combined with pharmacotherapy and exclusive eplianna co therapy to reduce ADHD symptoms.

Method: Using randomized sampling, 50 children with ADHD aged 6 to 12 were assigned in to 2 groups:23 participants in the experimental group who received working memory regulation training, and 25participants in the control group who received pharmacotherapy. To determine the effect of intervention ,Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-48) was performed before and after intervention. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistic methods including. Student's t-test, Q-Q PLOTS graph, Kolmogorov - Smirnov test, etc.

Result: Findings revealed that working memory training combined with pharmacotherapy reduced ADHD symptoms in children. The mean differences between pretest and posttest of CPRS in the experimental and control groups were 8.39 and 1.88 respectively, which means that ADHD symptoms were reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group.

Conclusion: Finding srevealed that working memory training reduced ADHD symptoms in the experimental group compared to the control group. There fore, cognitive interventions can reduce ADHD symptoms.

067- Treatment Methods for Modification of Mix- dominance in Children with Learning Disabilities

Somaveh Nazari1, Havdar Savahi'

1.The Holy Prophet Higher Education Complex, Exceptional children Psychology. Ahvaz, Iran.

2.Azad university, Exceptional children Psychology. Ahvaz, Iran.

Email: hay darsay ahi&y ahoo.com

Introduction: Lack of laterality in parallel parts of the body, including hands, foots, eyes, and ears, tend to be a popular sign among learning disordered children. On the other hand, there is a relationship between the laterality and ability in cognitive functions. As a result, modification of mix-dominance has become one of the top priorities in rehabilitation in children with learning disorders.

Objective: This study aims to systematically deliver treatment methods used by educators to modify mix- dominance in children with learning disorders.

Methods: Ten educators who were actively working in the learning disability institutions in Khozestan were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through observation and interview.

Results: Findings revealed that educators place higher priority on laterality in hands. However, there was diversity in the approaches taken to modify mix- dominance in these parts. The study also illustrated further details on the approaches taken/ tasks accomplished by educators to deal with laterality in different parallel parts of the body, including hands, foot, eyes and ears.

Conclusion: The study concluded that there are deficiencies in the approaches taken by educators dealing with laterality in this study. The educators should be provided with further knowledge on the approaches which can be taken to deal with laterality. To fill this gap, the study proposed a list of activities in this respect.

068- Examining the Utility and Role of WISC-IV Indices on Clinical Diagnosis of ADHD Children for Therapeutic Interventions

SadeghTaheri1 *, SomaiehKahdouei1

1. Corresponding author: Department of Measurement and Assessment, PhD Candidate In Measurement and Assessment (Psvchometrics), Faculty of Psychology and Education, AllamehTabataba'iUniversity,Tehran, Iran.

Email: staheri 72(a)yahoo. com

Introduction: Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is of interest to clinicians, as it impacts school functioning. Little work has been done to demonstrate how children with ADHD perform on clinical tests. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children Forth Edition(WISC-IV) provides composite scores that represent intellectual functioning in specified cognitive domains. Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), Working Memory Index (WMI), and Processing Speed Index (PSI). Moreover, it provides a composite score that represents a child's general intellectual ability. Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). The WISC-IV is useful for the differential diagnosis of neurological and psychiatric disorders affecting mental functioning. Psychologists practicing in psychiatric, medical, educational, forensic, counseling, or any other clinical settings find the WISC-IV a useful component for psychological assessment.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic potential of the WISC-IV's profiles in children with ADHD.

Methods: Thirty four children were assessed by WISC-IV: 17 ADHD children, and 17 normal children with respect to demographic information of the ADHD children. Data were analyzed by t-student and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results: Research findings indicate that Mean Verbal Comprehension Index(VCI) and Perceptual Reasoning Index(PRI) scores were significantly higher than Working Memory Index(WMI) and Processing Speed Index(PSI) in children with ADHD, and symbol search subscale was higher than Coding subscale (p- value<05).

Conclusion: The results suggest that WISC-IV is determining and helpful in diagnosing ADHD. Thus, clinicians should not ignore the significance of WISC- IV Indices when diagnosing ADHD. Further studies seem inevitable in the aforementioned field.

069-The Relation of Emotion Regulation and Emotion Expression Styles with Bullying in Adolescent Students

Pan'iz Molavi 1, Sajjad Basharpoor ' , Sajjad khanjani3, Moslem Rajabi 3

1. Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran

2. Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

3. BA. in psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

Email: basharpoor sajjad&yahoo. com

Introduction: Students bullying, especially in the adolescence period, is a prevalent problem in schools, and emotional dysregulation is posed as one of its causes. Considering this issue, the aim of this study was to investigate the relation of emotion regulation and emotion expression styles with bullying in adolescent students.

Method: This was a correlational study. All male students of secondary and high schools in Ardabil during 2011-20112 educational year comprised the statistical population of this research. Two hundred thirty students who were selected by multistage cluster sampling method responded to the questionnaires of bullying / victimization emotion regulation and emotion expression. Gathered data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests.

Result: The results showed that victimization by bullying lias a positive relationship with cognitive reappraisal, emotion suppression and positive expression but lias a negative relationship with impulse severity and negative emotion expression. Furthermore, bullying has a positive relationship with cognitive reappraisal, impulse severity and negative expression but a negative relationship with emotion suppression and positive expression. In sum, emotion regulation and emotion expression styles explained 36 percent of the variance of the victimization by bullying and 19 percent of the variance of the bullying.

Conclusion: This research demonstrated that emotion dysregulation in the adolescence period plays an important role in bullying and victimization. Therefore, emotion regulation ability trainings are suggested as an important intervention method for these behavioral problems.

070- Prediction of High-Risk Behaviors Tendency Based on Psychological and Family Factors on Intermediate Level Male Students

Hossein Ali Mehrabi1, HamedSajjadpour1 Mohammad Hosseinalizade1

1.Department of Educational Sciences &Psychology, Isfahan university, Isfahan, Iran.-

* Email: mehrabihossein&yahoo.com

Introduction: Now adays .trend to risky behaviors in adolescents, especially boys, is growing strongly, and the role of family factors and inclination to friends seem to be important in this regard.

Aim of the study: Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the relation between tendency for high-risk behaviors and history of child abuse, family function attitude to school and friends, and to predict the trends to high-risk behaviors based on these components on intermediate level male students in the region ofFalavarjan Isfahan.

Methodology: In a correlative study, 170 intermediate level male students were selected clusterly in terms of grade. Using a set of questionnaires, high risk behaviors tendency (Mehrabi& et al. 1388), child abuse (Mohammadkhani and colleagues, 1380), family functioning (FAD), attitude to friends and school (National Youth Organization, 1381) and demographic variables were evaluated.

Results: Findings of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed a negative attitude to school, impaired family functioning, a history of child physical, sexual, psychological abuse and child neglect .older age, fathers psychological illness and alcohol consumption in families increased the tendency for high risk behaviors (p<0.05).

The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that among the components, the following variables predicted 36.6% of the tendency to explain high-risk behaviors in adolescents (p<0.05):consumption of alcohol by any of the family members 21%, psychological abuse 11.9%, and a history of child abuse and neglect 3.7%.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that consuming alcohol in the family whether they are parents or other members of the family, lias the greatest negative impact on the tendency for high-risk behaviors followed by child abuse and neglect. Therefore adolescent boys with these three risk factors should be identified, and provided with preventive interventions.

071- The Effect of Sand Therapy and Finger Color Box on Reduction of Anxiety and Increasing Positive Felling and General Adjustment Level in Children with Blood Cancer in Tehran

BazmiNaemah (Ph.D)

Abstract: This was a quasi-experimental study. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sand therapy and finger color box on reducing anxiety and increasing positive felling as well as general adjustment level of children suffering from blood cancer. Sample of the study consisted of 30 in-patients by using accidental sampling in age group of 9-12 who were admitted in the children medical center (Tehran). In this study, subjects' anxiety, positive felling as well as general adjustment level were tested using the Rotter's Incomplete Sentences Test and Berger Children Anxiety Scale both before and after therapy. The experimental group received 12 weekly sessions for four weeks. In this study, the researcher performed a pretest-post test investigation and repeated measures procedure. After the therapy, the obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and t test for dependent groups. The results showed that sand therapy and finger color box had an effective role in increasing positive feeling, general adjustment level, and reduction of anxiety in children with blood cancer.

072- Comparing the Drawings of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Normal Children

Mahnaz Haghighi1 , Maede Khaterizadeh', Gholamreza Chalbianloo3,Shole Toobaie4, Soroor Azimzadeh5

/.Corresponding author.Ρ edi atrición, Assistant professor, Azad Islamic University, Faculty of Medicine, Kazeroon, Iran

l.Researcher, General practitioner, Azad Islamic University, Faculty of Medicine, Kazeroon, Iran

3.Psychologist, PhD, Azad Islamic University, Arsanjan, Iran

4.Psychiatrist, Assistant professor, Azad Islamic University, Faculty of Medicine, Kazeroon, Iran

5. Clinical Psychologist, MSc, Azad Islamic University, Alan'dasht, Iran

*Email: haghighi. mahnaz&yahoo. com

Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral problem in childhood and in school-aged children. Various projection drawings have been designed for assessing children's personality and psychological disorders including draw a person (DAP) and draw a family (DAF) tests.

Objective: Weaimed to compare the differences between normal children and children with ADHD using these two drawing tests.

Methods: This was a multi-stage randomized case study. The statistical population of this study wa sail 9- 10 year-old students studying in 3rd and 4thgrades from schools in the 2nd educational district of Sliiraz. Eighty students were then selected and enrolled in the ADHD group and the normal group. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, and the Child Symptoms Inventory were used for diagnosing the children with ADHD. We evaluated and analyzed impulsiveness, non-impulsiveness, emotional problems and incompatibility indices in the DAP and DAF tests in each group.

Results: A significant difference was observed in the indices of incompatibility and emotional problems, impulsiveness, non-impulsiveness, and DAF between normal children and those with ADHD. The mean(±SD) total scores of the abovementioned indices were 19.79(±2.94), 12.31(±1.84), 5.26(±2.29), and 5.89(±2.13), respectively in the ADHD group (P<0.001). The corresponding figures for these indices in the normal group were 12.11(±4.74) , 5.63(±2), 5.26(±2.29), and 2.88(±2.13) (PO.OOl).

Conclusion: There are significant differences between normal children and children with ADHD using these two drawing tests.T Iiis shows that projection drawings such as DAP and DAF can be effective in the faster diagnosis of children with ADHD.

073- Evaluation of Diagnostic Criteria of Learning Disorders Based on Wechsler Verbal Subtests

Eshagh Rahimian1 *, Mojtaba Habibi'

1. Healt psychologist, Assistant professor, Faculty of Psychology & Education, University ofSemnan

2. Corresponding author: Healt psychologist, Assistant professor, Family Research Institute, Shahicl Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran

Email address: [email protected]

Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic criteria of learning disorders among elementary students based on Wechsler Verbal Subtests.

Methods: In order to screen the students with learning disorder, 600 students (313 girls and 287 boys) were selected by a multi-phase/multi-stage cluster sampling; of whom, 45 students were diagnosed as having learning disablility syndrome; and then, among the normal students, 45 subjects were matched with the clinical group. Wechsler Test and Learning Disability Checklist were applied according to DSM-IV-TR diagnostic index for data collection.

Results: Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed significant differences between the normal and learning disability groups in verbal subscale. One- way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the two groups were significantly different in performance based on verbal subscales, including general information, mathematics, and computing memory. The raw scores of verbal subtests were analyzed to classify both normal and learning disability groups. The best cutoff point with a sensitivity of 44.84% and a specificity of 84.67% indicating 13.33% of normal group and 85.37% of learning disability group exceeded cutoff of 44. The area under the curve was 86.4%.

Conclusion: Research findings suggest that Wechsler Verbal Subtests have ideal diagnostic capabilities in learning disorders. According to the results, it could be noted that the cut-off point for this sample can be used for diagnosis of learning disorders. Along with other diagnostic methods, Wechsler Verbal Subtests could be used to diagnose these types of learning disorders.

074- Introduction of Factors Affecting the Design of Architectural Spaces to Reduce Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children

Hajar Mojahedí *- Ahmad Abedf-Maedeh Hesarn3

1. Corresponding author: Graduate student of Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan, Isfahan, IRAN

2. Assistant Professor of Psychology Department, Faculty of Educational Science & Psychology, University of Isfahan, IRAN.

3. Undergraduate student of Counseling, Islamic Azad University of Khomeinishahr, Isfahan, IRAN.

*Email address: [email protected]

Statistics shows that without considering the cultural, social, and economic aspects, one child out of 150 suffers from autism. As a professional, an architect is responsible for creating environments that are compatible with the users' various needs. In this regard, special individuals' needs should not be an exception to the rule. In spite of high prevalence of autism, architectural design applications have not yet been particularly investigated to meet the needs of this group. One of the outstanding features in children suffering from autism is the existence of disorders in their senses; and among these senses, disorders in their vision, hearing and touch are of particular importance. This study has endeavored to find the architectural design factors that affect these disorders. In this study, such factors have been introduced, and then their roles in the disorders have been discussed. To attain these objectives, The autistic children's features were identified with regards to the existing sources. Also, the relationship between architecture and autism was investigated. Ultimately, efforts were made to introduce factors effective in reducing sensory disorders in such children.

Studies indicate that in order to reduce visual disorders in autistic children, using indirect illumination, employing bright and mild colors, reducing decorations in the space, and using simple and regular designs can be effective. Moreover, by designing a combination of small and large spaces, moderating the ceiling height, and considering appropriate individual spaces for autistics, touch disorders can be reduced and ideal spatial sense for such children can be created. To reduce hearing disorders, acoustically designed spaces, using green trees in the existing open spaces, and selecting the location of project site in a quiet environment have been recommended.

075- The Effect of Mother - Infant Skin to Skin Contact on Anxiety Regarding Infants

Aghdas karimi1 ;Hamid Reza Aghamohammadian Sharbaf' Talat khadivzadeh3

1. nursing and midwifery school Mashhad University of medical science)

2.Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,

3. nursing and midwifery school mashhad university of medical science)

Objective: The puerperal period is regarded as a time of particularly drastic change in the lives of women, affecting both body and mind. Along with the drastic changes brought about by the hormonal system accompanying childbirth, they are required to adopt a new role as a mother. The first hours after birth are a critical period for mother - infant bonding and reducing stress related to infant behavior and appearance, and increasing parental attention to their responsibilities. This randomized control trial study investigated the mother - infant skin to skin contact on anxiety regarding infants.

Materials and Methods: Ninety two healthy primi parous mother-infant dyads were randomly assigned in to two groups of skin-to-skin contact and standard care. In Intervention group skin-to-skin contact was performed during the first 2 hours post birth. Anxiety Regarding Infant's Tool was used .Data were analyzed by SPSS.

Results: The finding showed a significant difference between skin to skin contact group versus standard care group (Ρ < 0.03) in anxiety regarding infants (22.25± 4.36 vs. 25.04± 4.94).

Conclusion: Skin to skin contact between the infant and mother is necessary for the development of future mother - infant attachment and decreasing anxiety regarding infants, also increasing mothers' caring for infants. According to the finding, mother - infant skin to skin contact is an effective method for decreasing anxiety regarding infants in mothers, and this method may be suggested to reach maternal health.

076- Effectiveness of Holistic Multidimensional Treatment Model in Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Hojati, M.1*, Dr. Soltanifar, A.2, Dr. Mashhadi, A.3, Sarabi, M.4

1. Correspondent author: Psychology Ph.D. student of Pedagogical University in Dushanbe, Tajikistan

2. Highly qualified child and adolescent psychiatrist, faculty member of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

3. Faculty member ofFer dow si University of Mashhad

4. M.A in Clinical Psychology of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Introduction: Comprehensive treatment model is one of the valid approaches in treatment of children with autism spectrum disorders. Holistic multidimensional treatment model (Hojati model) is designed based on existing research literature in the area of comprehensive treatment models to treat such children.

Study Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of holistic multidimensional treatment model (Hojati model) in improvement of clinical symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders.

Implementation Methodology: The research design of the current study was quasi-experimental. The research sample included 150 subjects with autism spectrum disorders who were selected by available sampling, and assigned in to three treatment groups randomly. In the first, second and third groups, subjects were treated for one, two and three years, respectively. These children initially were evaluated by a highly qualified child and adolescent psychiatrist and received diagnosis based on Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADIR) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and were referred to Noor-e-Hidayat Center, a specialized center for autistic children. In this study, to evaluate the severity of symptoms in autistic children, autism rating scale was used. Data analysis of this study was performed by analysis of variance test with repeated measures.

Results: The results suggested that holistic multidimensional treatment model has been effective in treatment of children with autism spectrum disorders in all the three groups (p <0/05). On the other hand, severity of symptoms of autism spectrum disorders were further decreased in children who were treated for three years compared with the two other groups.

Conclusion: Overall, it can be stated that holistic multi-dimensional treatment model is one of the comprehensive treatment models that is effective in treatment of children with autism spectrum disorders.

077- Developing a Training program for Drug Abuse Prevention for Male High School Students

Rahimi Movaghar1 A (MD, MPH); Mahmoudi-Gharaei2 J(MD); Safarcherati1* A(MD); Aminesmaeeli1 M (MD, MPH); Khastoo G (MD); Hosseini3 M (MD, PhD); SaeedMomtazi (MD)4

1. Corresponding author :Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA). Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

2. Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh hospital, Tehran University of Medical Scences, Tehran Iran.

3. Department of Biostatistics, Health Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

4. Department of Psychiatry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences

Email:Anousheh 73 @yahoo. com

Introduction: Drug abuse starts at school years in many cases, and evidences confirm an increase in drug use in adolescents. Prevention of drug abuse should therefore focus on school-age children and adolescents. School authorities should provide preventive education, as they have access to a significant number of target groups and should provide the opportunity to implement cost-effective interventions. Although initiation of drug prevention efforts in Iran goes back to 15 years ago, we still lack well studied effective programs in this regard. The main objective of this project was to provide an effective school-based prevention program for high school students.

Objective: Developing a training program for drug abuse prevention for male high school students.

Methods: The package has been developed passing through several phases: an internal and external literature review, carrying out focus group discussions with target group for assessing their beliefs and attitudes, editing and designing the first draft, preparing the action plan for education sessions, pilot testing the materials, instructional design, and formatting of the training package in a high school, monitoring and evaluation, revising the format and content of educational material, preparing the final package and a final pilot testing.

Results: :The final package includes the following materials: an introduction for the authorities, training objectives for students, the design of 12 consecutive sessions and two booster sessions, brochures and posters for students, evaluation tools of the course, training material for the school trainers and a guiding booklet for parents. The evaluation of the first pilot tests show that its implementation is feasible, and is welcomed by both the school staff and the students.

Conclusion: It is necessary to implement the program using the package in a larger scale, with a further review and revision before widespread implementation in the country.

078- Child Literacy and Psychotic-like-Symptoms in Early Adolescence: Findings from the ALSPAC Study

MohajerA b b assHameed

*Email: mal&deakin. edu. au

Objective: The aim of this study was to use prospectively collected data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to examine the differences in literacy skills among children who have had completed the PLIKS interview at mean age of 12 years. We further examined the relationship of spelling, reading and non-word reading performance over time in relation to the likelihood of reporting PLIKS in early adolescence.

Method: This study examined data from 6790 children from the ALSPAC cohort who participated in the PLIKS semi-structured interview at mean age of 12. Psychosis-like symptoms (PLIKS) were measured at the ALSPAC clinic using the PLIKS semi-structured face-to-face interview. Literacy skills such as spelling, reading, non-word repetition task, reading skills and comprehension were assessed by an ALSPAC spelling task, Wechsler Objective Reading Dimension (Rust et al, 1993), Non-word Repetition Test (Gathercoleeí al. 1996), and the revised Neale Analysis of Reading Ability (NARAII) (Neale, 1997) respectively.

Results: In this study, (relative to PLIKS not present group) we found a declining pattern of performance in all measurements of literacy skills among the PLIKS suspected and definitely present group. The majority of these differences remained significant after adjusting for covariates. Although higher frequencies of PLIKS suspected/definite were classified as having stable low performance over time, we found that only decline in spelling task over time was associated with increased odds of reporting PLIKS.

Conclusions: The strengths and limitations of this study were discussed. Additionally, recommendations for further studies were provided to examine the effect of genetic variation on speech and language functioning in association with the development of PLIKS.

079-The Effectiveness of Play Therapy with Filial Therapy Method in Improving Separation Anxiety in Children of Divorced Parents

Kooraki Marvam1 , Tajabadipour hossein1

1. Corresponding Author: Psychologist, M.! in psychology, university of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran).

*Email: m. kooraki_psy(a)yahoo.com

Introduction: One of inevitable consequences of divorce is Separation Anxiety disorder in children. Age-appropriate children understand the phenomenon of divorce and are faced with a host of questions .The role of the parent who is responsible for supervising children can be very important in the child's emotional management at this stage.

Objective: This study aimed to assist parents in providing as are and accepting enviromnent for children until they will be able to easily express their emotions and feelings as well as their perception about the world, and solve problems to manage their anxiety.

Methods: In this experimental study, 5subjects (Parent-child) were selected as an experimental group, and 5 were selected as a control group. The subjects were matched, and were examined in a quasi- experimental study. Spence Child Anxiety was used to examine anxiety . Play therapy with filial method, a short term method combined with play therapy and family therapy, were used in 8 weekly sessions. In this method, we had two therapists (a family therapist and a psychologist).The family therapist educated parents in four basic play therapy session skills: structuring, empatliic listening, child centered imaginary play and limit setting; and the psychologist trained children to play for relaxation and anxiety management. The applied interventions (play therapy and family therapy) were evaluated using pretest and posttest and a one month follow-up. Data were analyzed by analysis covariance of test.

Results: After two months of Filial therapy, the experimental group demonstrated a significant decrease (p<0.001) in anxiety. In addition children were taught anxiety management skill through play therapy.

Conclusion: Interaction of Parent-child, short term intervention, educating parents about problem solving, and playing at home under the supervision of parents are among the critical factors involved in success of the mentioned interventions. The results also suggest that Filial Therapy can be an effective intervention for improving separation anxiety and preventing problems in families.

080- Psychological Disorders of Children and Adolescents: Parent Report Form of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire

Mohamad Reza Mohamadi1

1.Corresponding author: Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

*Email: mrmohammadi&yahoo. com

Introduction: It is necessary to be informed about frequency of child and adolescent psychological disorders to prevent and treat them effectively. The study about the frequency and distribution of these disorders are few in our country.

Objective: The purpose of this study is the evaluating of frequency of psychological disorders in the samples of children and adolescents from provinces of Tehran Isfahan Fars, Khorasan Razavi and East Azarbaijan.

Materials and Methods: In a descriptive - analytical, community based study, 9636 children aged 6-11 years and adolescents aged 12-17 years, selected by multistage cluster sampling method from Tehran Isfahan Fars, Khorasan Razavi and East Azarbaijan provinces, were evaluated by the parent report form of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which assessed emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, peer and social problems and total difficulties.

Results: The results of the study were 21.43% emotional problems, 32.99% conduct problem, 20.09% hyperactivity, 25.63% peer problems, 7.66% social problems and 24.55% total difficulties in the parent- reported form of SDQ.

Frequencies of conduct problem hyperactivity and social problems in boys were higher than girls in the parent-reported form of SDQ; in contrast, frequencies of emotional problems in girls were higher than boys. Frequencies of the observed disorders in Fars province were also higher than other provinces. Furthermore, frequencies of psychological problems were correlated to parent education and job.

Conclusion: The frequencies of child and adolescent psychological disorders in five provinces were higher than most of the previous studies. More specific studies will be needed to evaluate the exact frequency of such disorders and the possible etiologies seem to be necessary.

081- The Effectiveness of Play Therapy with Filial Therapy Method in Improving Separation Anxiety in Children of divorced Couples

Kooraki, Marvam1, Tajabadi pour, hossein'

1.KIA in Psychology

2.AM in Counseling

Introduction: One of the inevitable consequence of divorce on children is separation anxiety disorder. The role of the parent who is responsible for supervising children is very important in the child's emotional management in this stage.

Objectives: This study aimed to assist parents in providing a safe and accepting enviromnent for children until they will be able to easily express their emotions and feelings and solve problems to manage their anxiety.

Method and Materials: In this experimental study, 5 subjects(parent-child) were selected as the experimental group and 5 were selected as the control group . The subjects were matched and examined in a quasi- experimental study. Spence Child Anxiety was used to examine anxiety. Play therapy with filial method which is a short term method, combined with play therapy and family therapy in 8 weekly sessions was provided for the experimental group. A family therapist trained the parents on the four basic play therapy sessions(skills structuring, empathie listening, child centered imaginary play and limit setting),and a psychologist taught children relaxation and anxiety management through plays. The applied interventions (play therapy and family therapy) were evaluated using pretest, posttest and a one month follow-up. Data were analyzed by analysis covariance of test.

Results: After two months of filial therapy, the experimental group demonstrated a significant decrease (p<0.001) in anxiety, and children learned anxiety management skill through play therapy.

Conclusion: Interaction of parent-child, short term intervention, teaching problem solving skill to parents, and playing at home under the supervision of parents are among the critical factors of the effectiveness of the mentioned interventions. The results also suggest that Filial Therapy can be an effective intervention for improving separation anxiety and preventing problems in families.

082- Sleep is a physiological event as necessesary to survival as eating and toileting. Yet all these functions are also intricately connected with the traditions and needs of household members leading to a wide range of sleep behaviors that can be considered normal for a young individual.

Some impacts of social and cultural factors on sleep include feeding, co-sleeping, transitional objects and thumb sucking, and bed time routines.

Sleep can be disrupted by an intrinsic event such as apnea, or by an extrinsic event such as the child's inability to go to sleep in the evening or to go back to sleep after three to four normal waking periods. About 85% of all sleep problems are extrinsic. Four types of night waking patterns qualify as extrinsic dyssomnia: a) sleep-onset association disorder, b) nocturnal eating or drinking disorder, c) bed time struggles or limit- setting sleep disorder, and d) circadian rhythm or sleep- wake cycle disorder.

Treatment of sleep disorder: the general aim of treatment approach is not to get the children to sleep more or wake up less often but to teach them to manage their sleep behavior independently without disturbing their parents' sleep. First, parents complete a sleep dairy to establish a baseline. The reasons that parents hesitate to set limits for their child are attachment problems, marital conflicts, and temperamental mismatches between parents and the child. Each of them should be treated separately. Different types of intervention have been evaluated in the literature such as rapid extinction, gradual extinction, and positive routines.

Both DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 define feeding disorders in early childhood as only nutritional intake problems that lead to failure to thrive (FTT) or malnutrition. However, feeding disturbances can occur even in the absence of problems with nutritional intake.

Assessing the situation along four main axes that roughly correspond to those proposed by the Zero to Three classification is suggested.

Axis I includes those feeding difficulties observed in the child that may or may not be the central problem or even the reason for referral: 1) Appetite disturbance 2)Feeding skills disorders: difficulties with sucking, motor coordination, regulation of volume, and speed of feeding 3) Food processing difficulties mainly chewing difficulties 4) Swallowing difficulties 5) Food refusal or infantile anorexia 6) Posttraumatic feeding disorder 7) Mealtime behavior problems 8) Food selectivity 9) Pica 10) Rumination.

Axis II: Feeding relationship disturbance: maladaptive patterns of interaction: under involvement^ excessive anxiety, controlling relationship, and inadequate feeding techniques.

Axis III: Medical conditions as a cause or consequence of feeding difficulties.

Axis IV: Psychosocial situations may contribute to the present eating problem.

Appropriate Interventions: Physical health and nutritional status of the child are primary considerations. Even when various interventions are described separately for different problems, they may be implemented simultaneously or consecutively, or even in a different order, depending on the nature of the situation.

083- Infant developmental Milestones and Psychotic-Like-Symptoms in Early Adolescence: Findings from the ALSPAC study

MohajerA b b assHameed

*Email: mal&deakin. edu. au

Objective: The aim of this study was to use prospectively collected data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to examine the differences in infant developmental milestones (social, communication, fine, and gross motor skills) among children who have had completed the psychotic-like-symptoms (PLIKS) interview at mean age of 12.We further examined the association of these infant developmental milestones assessed over time in relation to the likelihood of reporting PLIKS in early adolescence.

Method: This study examined data from 6790 children from the ALSPAC cohort who participated in the PLIKS semi-structured interview at mean age of 12. Psychosis-like symptoms (PLIKS) were measured at the ALSPAC clinic using the PLIKS semi-structured face-to-face interview. A battery of questions completed by mothers (child at 6, 18, 30 and 42 months) elicited information from the Denver Developmental Screening Test relating to social, communication, fine and gross motor skills.

Results: The hypothesis that PLIKS grouping (not present, suspected and definitely present) showed significant differences in social, communication, fine and gross motor skills measured over four time points, with definitely present group showing consistently lower scores was not supported. Although higher frequencies of PLIKS suspected and definite participants were classified as having a declining pattern of performance over time; this was not associated with significantly increased odds of reporting PLIKS in early adolescence.

Conclusions: The strengths and limitations of this study are discussed. Additionally, recommendations for further studies are provided to examine the interaction effect of genetic variation and infant developmental factors in association with the manifestation of PLIKS in early adolescence.

084- Bullying Discourse to Survive in the Street

Ali ghaleiha1.Reihaneh Alihassani' ,Mehdi Damaliamiri3

I .Medical/acuity,Hamadan universitvof medical sciences, Hamedan, Iran

2.Physician,health care center,Hamedan,Iran

3.Corresponding author: Humanities college, bu- alisina university,Hamedan,Iran

damaliamiri&y ahoo.com

Introduction: Low education level and poverty force II to 17year old children to work as a salesperson on the crossroads .hoping to improve the financial situation of their families .Their struggles bring about verbal violence expressed in bullying. The anti- verbalism in these children's discourse guarantees their survival in the street. Researches have shown that bullies usually have a low socioeconomic status and are unsuccessful in school, while some suffer from mental disorders.

Objective :The outcomes of the research can help the counselors to plan a specific linguistic program for bullies and to recognize the onset of bullying discourse among students.

Methods :The recordings of quarrels, fights and competition discourse of crossroad youth in Hamedan were used as the main materials of collecting data.Data were analysed in content through CDA methods, considering socioeconomic status and educational background.

Results: Most of the subjects used ascribing ugly and overwhelming attributes to their rivals' parents and sisters classified into using racial, ethnic or sexual slurs and epithets along with calling hurtful names. They expressed taboos to create a secured enviromnent to earn money. The older the children, the greater the number of swears they used. The families had little or no control on these children.

Conclusion: The personality formation of bullying children with verbal violence is concomitant with their family's education income and culture. As children grew older, they relied more on their own abilities to earn extra money. The pressures of security forces to collect children from the streets made them to be equipped more and more with anti-verbalism to be the heroes and search for by-pass actions to survive.

085- Psychological Disorders of Adolescents: Self Report Form of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire

Mohamad Reza Mohamadi1

1.Corresponding author: Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

*Email: [email protected]

Introduction: It is necessary to be informed about frequency of adolescent psychological disorders to prevent and treat them effectively. The information about the frequency and distribution of these disorders are few in our country.

Objective: The purpose of this study is the evaluating of frequency of psychological disorders in the samples of adolescents from Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi and East Azarbaijan provinces.

Methods and Materials: In a descriptive - analytical, community based study, 5171 adolescents aged 12-17 years, selected by multistage cluster sampling method from Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi and East Azarbaijan provinces, were evaluated by the self report form of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which assessed emotional problems, conduct problem, hyperactivity, peer problems, social problems and total difficulties.

Results: In the self-reported form of SDQ, 8.09% emotional problems, 24% conduct problem, 13.95% hyperactivity, 7.25% peer problems, 5.76% social problems and 14.26% total difficulties were reported. Frequencies of emotional problems in girls were higher than boys in the self reported form of SDQ. Frequencies of the observed disorders in Fars province were also higher than expected measure. Furthermore, frequencies of psychological problems were correlated to parent education and job.

Conclusion: In this research, the frequencies of adolescent psychological disorders in five provinces were higher than some of the previous results. More specific studies are necessary to evaluate the frequency of adolescent psychological disorders for prevention and treating them.

086- Prevalence of Chronic Tics, Tourette's syndrome and Comorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Elementary Students

ShahrokhAmiri MD1 ,Ali Fakhari MD2 JavadGolmirzaei MD3

l.For correspondence: Assistant professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.

2. Associate professor of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.

3. Assistant professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Research Center for Behavioral and Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Bandarabbas Faculty of Medical Sciences, Bandarabbas, Iran

* Email: [email protected]

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the true prevalence of chronic motor and vocal tic disorder and Tourette's syndrome in students, and determine its comorbidity with attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods: A random clustered sample of elementary students was selected from schools of Tabriz, North- west Iran. The study tools were Conner's Teacher Rating Scale for ADHD,obtaining a detailed history of parents and teachers for any kind of tic, a clinical interview based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and interview with parents.

Results: A total of 1658 children from 30 schools were evaluated. A vocal tic was observed in 3.2 %( ± 0.02) of students which was more prevalent in school-boys. ADHD was diagnosed in 45.5% of these students. Motor tic was observed in 7.3 %( ± 0.02) of the students. Almost half (48.1%) of these students had ADHD. Tourette's syndrome was observed in 1.3 %( ± 0.01. with a male/female ratio of 3.5:1.

087- Psychiatric Consultation in the General Medical Setting

Javad Golmirzaei

Abstract: In general, the aims of psychiatric consultation in the medical/surgical setting are 1) to ensure the safety and stability of the patient within the medical environment, 2) to collect sufficient history and medical data from appropriate sources to assess the patient and formulate the problem, 3) to conduct a mental status examination and neurological and physical examinations as necessary, 4) to establish a differential diagnosis, and 5) to initiate a treatment plan.

In the general medical setting, as many as 30% of patients have a psychiatric disorder.

The presence of a psychiatric disturbance has repeatedly been shown to be a robust predictor of increased hospital length of stay.

Psychiatric consultation is indicated whenever another doctor asks for help with a patient. Consultation requests cover a wide range of topics:

1. Acute stress reactions

2. Aggression or impulsivity

3. Agitation

Although the general guidelines for consultation regarding children and adolescents are similar to those for adults, there are specific considerations that are unique to the pediatric population.

The role of the C-L consultant includes the evaluation and treatment of developmental, behavioral, and psychological problems as manifest in children, adolescents, and families in the medical setting. Often this role includes an awareness of the special psychiatric needs of this population in a pediatric setting, particularly in children facing traumatic medical procedures and hospitalization. In addition to an ability to identify the social, enviromnental, and cultural factors relevant to any psychiatric consultation, the consultant should be able to appreciate developmental and family issues as they apply to diagnosis and intervention. It is essential that the consultant have expertise in areas that include behavioral effects of medications, noncompliance with treatment, treatment of chronic pain, reaction to acute and chronic medical illness, disorders of attachment, parent-infant relationship difficulties, speech and language disorders, learning disabilities, and psychiatric disorders specific to childhood. The C-L consultant should have an in-depth understanding of medical illness, as well as a general knowledge of procedures, medications, hospital routines, and outcomes for children and adolescent patients.

088- Birth Cohort Studies of Speech and Language Functioning as Antecedent of Schizophrenia: A systematic review

MohajerA b b assHameed

*Email: mal&deakin. edu. au

Background: A significant body of prospective longitudinal birth cohort (BC) studies have now been undertaken to identify the childhood cognitive, psychological and behavioral indicators of adult onset schizophrenia.

Objective: The aim of this article was to systematically review existing BC studies examining speech and language profiles of pre-schizophrenia children (children who later developed schizophrenia).

Results: This article identified five BC studies that have specifically examined childhood speech and language functioning and schizophrenia as an outcome in adulthood. The results presented the relative risks of early speech and language dysfunctions (at multiple ages) and development of schizophrenia in adulthood.

Conclusion: The strengths and limitations of the studies and measurements of speech and language are discussed. Recommendations are made for further research that involves the examination of childhood speech and language functioning in relation to early adolescence manifestations of psychotic - like symptoms. It was concluded that speech and language domain of functioning are logical targets for early intervention for children at high risk of developing schizophrenia.

089- Prevalence of Bullying among Iranian Middle School Students

Gholamreza Garmaroudi1 ,Hassan EftekharArdebili1 ,Kazem Mohammad"Sepideh Omidvari3

1.Corresponding Author: Department of Health Promotion & Education, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2. Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3.Department of Mental Health, Mother & Child Health Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran,Iran

*Email: garmaroudi (altums. ac. ir

Introduction: Bullying is a specific type of aggression in which the behavior is intended to harm or disturb; the behavior occurs repeatedly over time, and there is an imbalance of power, with a more powerful person or group attacking a less powerful one. This asymmetry of power may be physical or psychological, and the aggressive behavior may be verbal, physical, or psychological. These students have greater chance of developing emotional, mood and behavioral disorders and get involved in suicidal attempt. Also, they are at a higher risk of engaging in criminal behaviors in the future.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of bullying behavior among middle school students in Tehran.

Methods: A total of 1803 middle school students (grades 6 through 8) aged 11 to 15 completed the study questionnaire between January to March 2012. Iranian educational system is based on single-sex schools and students spend 3 years in middle school. The sampling consisted of all the boys in public and private middle schools of Tehran . The sample design was a two stage stratified clusters of classes. Stratification has been done by districts of Tehran and also school type (public/ private). Olweus bullying questionnaire and a brief questionnaire providing demographic characteristics were used as study measures.

Results: More than 72% of students reported involvement in bullying behavior in school as either victim (28%), bully (9.5%) and or bully/victim (34.5%). The most common subtype of bullying were verbal (62.3%), race/accent (39.2%), physical (33.6%) and excluding (33.3%). The most bullying events occurred in playground followed by classroom and stairs/hallway. More than 77% of students believe that school staff lias done nothing or a little to cut bullying in their school. Students with younger age and lower grade were more commonly involved in bullying behavior. The prevalence of bullying was greater in public schools and in students with low socioeconomic status.

Conclusion: The prevalence of bullying among the studied students was high. Lack of proper response from school staff will deteriorate the school atmosphere and makes the students to take the matters in their own hands which normally would mean having a reflective behavior towards the bully or other students who are perceived as having less power. This may explain why this study shows an astonishingly high prevalence of bully/victim group compared to the other studies.

090- Evaluation of the Validity and Reliability of Adult ADHD Rating Scales (Conners')-Persian version

Davari-Ashtiani Rozita1", Arabgol Fariba1" , Razjouyan Katavoun1", Khademi Mojgan1", Jazayeri Farzad3

1. Corresponding Author: Assistant professor of Child & Adolescent Psychiatv, Imam Hossein Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran

2. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3.Fellowship of child & Adolescent Psychiatry Imam Hossein Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

*email: farabgol&sbmu. ac. ir

Introduction: The Conner.s Adult ADHD Screening Scale(CAARS) measures the presence and severity of ADHD symptoms to help determine whether or not ADHD is a contributing factor to an individual's problems.

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the reliability and the validity of the Conner.s Adult ADHD Screening Scalc(CAARS). Methods: At first the English version of CAARS-S was translated to Farsi and then back translated. In the next step face validity and content validity was checked by four child and adolescent psychiatrists. Test-retest reliability was assessed in 30 participants which was measured by Cronbach alpha and ICC. A clinical interview was conducted with 100 parents of children with ADHD by a group of child and adolescent psychiatrists to diagnose Adult ADHD, and at the same time they filled in the CAARS-S too .Then the results of interviews were compared with the results of CAARS-S . Results: The mean age of the sample population was 36±5. ICC and Cronbach alpha were higher than 0.7 and 0.8 for all domains, respectively. Domain correlation matrix showed appropriate relationship (P <0.01). Questions and their related domain correlation matrix have accepted correlation also. Sensitivity and specificity of ADHD-Index were 88.9% and 67.6% respectively, with T-score of at least 55.

Conclusion: The results showed the CAARS-S can stand as a screening instrument in the epidemiological study of Adult ADHD in Iran

091- The Relationship between Empathy and Social Skills in Delinquent Adolescents

Introduction: Unlike most of the childhood behavior problems, antisocial behaviors persist in by aging. Deficits or lack of social skills can directly lead to juveniles' offense, dropouts, and distorted mental welfare. Thus, considering these skills is necessary, in this age. Empathy is one of the components of Emotional Intelligence, including awareness of others' feelings and perception of nonverbal signs of their emotions. We hypothesized that, there is an association between social skills and their deficits in empathy.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between empathy and social skills in male delinquent adolescents.

Method: The current study was correlational, and its statistical population included all boys in Juveniles Rehabilitation Center of Ahvaz in 2007. Forty boys were randomly selected and individually completed 'Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (MESSY)', and the 'Empathy Quotient' scale, developed by Baron-Cohen (2003). Data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation and Multivariate Regression.

Findings: All three subscales of empathy (cognitive, social skills and emotional reaction) significantly correlated with delinquent adolescents' social skills, and the correlation between total score of empathy and social skills were r=0/80 (p=0/001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that subscales of empathy explained 21% of variance of the social skills (p<0/01). Cognitional component with B=l/35 was the best predictor.

Conclusion: Findings indicate that delinquents, who were low in Empathy Quotient, had lower social skills. Seemingly, this underscored the importance of awareness of others feelings for acquisition of social skills. Considering emotionally poor developmental enviromnent of most of these teenagers, their social skills should be improved and consequently their mental health should also be improved through happropriate interventions and developing awareness in social interactions.

092- Psychiatric Consultation in the General Medical Setting

JavadGolmirzaei

In general, the aims of psychiatric consultation in the medical/surgical setting are 1) to ensure the safety and stability of the patient within the medical enviromnent, 2) to collect sufficient history and medical data from appropriate sources to assess the patient and formulate the problem 3) to conduct a mental status examination and neurological and physical examinations as necessary, 4) to establish a differential diagnosis, and 5) to initiate a treatment plan.

In the general medical setting, as many as 30% of patients have a psychiatric disorder.

The presence of a psychiatric disturbance has repeatedly been shown to be a robust predictor of increased hospital length of stay.

Psychiatric consultation is indicated whenever another doctor asks for help with a patient. Consultation requests cover a wide range of topics:

1. Acute stress reactions

2. Aggression or impulsivity

3. Agitation

Although the general guidelines for consultation regarding children and adolescents are similar to those for adults, there are specific considerations that are unique to the pediatric population.

The role of the C-L consultant includes the evaluation and treatment of developmental, behavioral, and psychological problems as manifest in children, adolescents, and families in the medical setting. Often this role includes an awareness of the special psychiatric needs of this population in a pediatric setting, particularly in children facing traumatic medical procedures and hospitalization. In addition to an ability to identify the social, environmental, and cultural factors relevant to any psychiatric consultation, the consultant should be able to appreciate developmental and family issues as they apply to diagnosis and intervention. It is essential that the consultant have expertise in areas that include behavioral effects of medications, noncompliance with treatment, treatment of chronic pain, reaction to acute and chronic medical illness, disorders of attachment, parent-infant relationship difficulties, speech and language disorders, learning disabilities, and psychiatric disorders specific to childhood. The C-L consultant should have an in-depth understanding of medical illness, as well as a general knowledge of procedures, medications, hospital routines, and outcomes for children and adolescent patients.

093- The Intermediate Role of Child Temperament in the Parent Training Program for Reducing Feeding Problem

ZeinaliShirin,, Mazaheri Mohammad Ali, TahmasianKarineh,, Sadeghi Mansooreh Sadat, Maryam cheshmeala, Ashrafian Parveneh Tabriz, yavaran roshd insitute Tehran, University ofShahid behesht

Child psychological features are important in developing feeding problem. Child temperament is one of these issues. This study investigated the intermediate role of child temperament in the parent training program for reducing feeding problem. Thirty four mothers whose children had feeding problems were selected non-randomly, and were randomly assigned in to intervention (n=16) and control group (n=16). This was a semi- experimental study with pretest, posttest and follow- up. At first, subjects were assessed by Feeding Problem Scale (zeinali and et al, 2011), and Infant Characteristics Questionnaire (bates and et al, 1975). Then, subjects in experimental group were intervened using training program for mothers in six sessions once a week. Results with regression demonstrated that temperament, diificultness and negative adaptation can predict feeding problem. In addition, repeated measures revealed that child difficultness and child dependency have negative intermediate roll in reducing feeding problem in children. Considering the results, we should recognize the importance of child characteristics in feeding problem.

094- The Effect of Mother - Infant Skin to Skin contact on Anxiety regarding Infants

Aghdaskarimi1 , Hamid Reza Aghamohammadian Sharbaf, Talatkhadivzadeh1

1. Corresponding author: Department reproductive health, nursing and midwifery school, Mashhad University of medical science, Mashhad, Iran

2.Department of Clinical Psychology Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

*Email: karimia901 @mums. ac. ir

Introduction: The puerperal period is regarded as a time of particularly drastic change in the lives of women, affecting both body and mind. Along with the drastic changes brought about by the hormonal system accompanying childbirth, women are required to adopt a new role as a mother. The first hours after child birth are for developing mother - infant bond, reducing stress related to infant behavior and appearance, and increasing parental devotion to their new responsibilities.

Objective: This randomized control trial study investigated the mother - infant skin to skin contact on anxiety regarding infants.

Methods: Ninety two healthy primiparous mother- infant dyads were randomly assigned in to two groups of skin-to-skin contact and standard care. In the intervention group, skin-to-skin contact was performed during the first 2 hours post birth. Anxiety regarding infant's tool was used .The data were analyzed by spss.

Results: The finding showed a significant difference between skin to skin contact group versus standard care group (P<0.05) in anxiety regarding infants.

Conclusion: Skin to skin contact between the infant and mother is necessary for the development of future mother - infant attachment, and decreases anxiety regarding infants, also increases mothers care for their infants. According to the findings, mother - infant skin to skin contact is an efficient method for decreasing anxiety regarding infants in mothers and this method suggested as a technique to reach maternal health.

095- Evaluation of the Validity and Reliability of Adult ADHD Rating Scales (Conners')-Persian version

Davari-Ashtiani Rozita1'2, Arabgol Fariba1'2, Razjouyan Katayoun1'2, Khademi Mojgan1'2, Jazayeri Farzad3

1. Corresponding Author: Assistant professor of Child & Adolescent Psychiaty, Imam Hossein Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran

2. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3.Fellowship of child & Adolescent Psychiatry Imam Hossein Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

*email: farabgol@sbmu. ac. ir

Introduction: The Conner,s Adult ADHD Screening Scale(CAARS) measures the presence and severity of ADHD symptoms to help determine whether or not ADHD is a contributing factor to an individual's problems.

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the reliability and the validity of the Conner,s Adult ADHD Screening Scale(CAARS). Methods: At first the English version of CAARS-S was translated to Farsi and then back translated. In the next step face validity and content validity was checked by four child and adolescent psychiatrists. Test-retest reliability was assessed in 30 participants which was measured by Cronbach alpha and ICC. A clinical interview was conducted with 100 parents of children with ADHD by a group of child and adolescent psychiatrists to diagnose Adult ADHD, and at the same time they filled in the CAARS-S too .Then the results of interviews were compared with the results of CAARS-S . Results: The mean age of the sample population was 36±5. ICC and Cronbach alpha were higher than 0.7 and 0.8 for all domains, respectively. Domain correlation matrix showed appropriate relationship (P <0.01). Questions and their related domain correlation matrix have accepted correlation also. Sensitivity and specificity of ADHD-Index were 88.9% and 67.6% respectively, with T-score of at least 55.

Conclusion: The results showed the CAARS-S can stand as a screening instrument in the epidemiological study of Adult ADHD in Iran

096- Evaluation of the Validity and Reliability of Adult ADHD Rating Scales (Conners')-Persian Version

R.Davari, F.Arabgol, M.Khademi, K.razjooyan, F.Jazayeri

*Email: [email protected]

Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the reliability and the validity of the Conners' Adult ADHD Screening Scale(CAARS). Methods: At first, the English version of the CAARS-S was translated to Farsi and then back translated. In the next step, face validity and content validity were checked by four child and adolescent psychiatrists. Test-retest reliability was assessed in 30 participants, which was measured by Cronbach alpha and ICC. A clinical interview was conducted on 100 parents of children with ADHD by a group of child and adolescent psychiatrists to diagnose Adult ADHD, and at the same time they completed the CAARS-S. Then, the results of interviews were compared with the results of CAARS- S.

Results: The mean age of the sample population was 36±5. ICC and Cronbach alpha were higher than 0.7 and 0.8 for all domains, respectively. Domain correlation matrix showed an appropriate relationship (P <0.01). Questions and their related domain correlation matrix had accepted correlation. Sensitivity and specificity of ADHD-Index were 88.9% and 67.6%, respectively (what about cutoff point?). Conclusion: The results revealed that CAARS-S can stand as a screening instrument in the epidemiological study of Adult ADHD in Iran.

097- Psychiatric symptoms in metabolic disease in children and adolescents

Dr. Seyed Hassan Tonekaboni , Child Neurologist Pediatric Neurology research center, SBMU

Many metabolic disease may initially present as psychosis. This organic schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like syndrome is an important issue in psychiatry. However in daily practice many of these disorders go unrecognized and if a psychiatrist focuses on psychiatric management, he(she) can delay the appropriate treatment which exist in some of these metabolic diseases, resulting in irreversible brain damage.

In this speech I will have a brief discussion on the clinical differentiating points which can help a physician to exclude organic etiology. I will also have a special focus on Niemann-Pick disease type C as an example of an inborn error of metabolism producing psychiatric manifestations for which a medication is now available to arrest the progression of the disease.

098- Critical Period Hypothesis; Psycholinguistic Implications for Second Language Learning

Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum1

1. Assistant Professor, Department of Linguistics & Foreign Languages, Payame Noor University hosseinimasum@yahoo. com

The comparison between first and second language acquisition processes has always been a hot topic in psycholinguistic studies. Different scholars have drawn upon the findings of LI acquisition studies as a source for modeling L2 learning and teaching. An important issue in LI acquisition, critical period has also been a main concern in L2 studies, the question being when to start teaching a second language. The case gets complicated when we see that the factors involved in the two stages are not identical. While LI acquisition comes within a context of natural growth and development, L2 learning is influenced by a lot of outside intervening factors such as motivation, affective filters, sociocultural considerations, physiological and psychological problems, personality features, peer pressure and teaching methodology. The present paper reviews the theoretical fundamentals of the critical period hypothesis for first and second language learning and surveys the practical implications of this theory on the language teaching system with a special look at the educational system of Iran. The paper suggests that the beliefs and practices of the parents are different from those of the authorities in the educational system each holding a different view of the critical period for launching the procedure.

099- Investigation of Effectiveness of Training Resilience on Rate Aggression and Loneliness of Students

BehradMoharram Zadeh1 , Amin Roustaei2, AdinehSalimi Nadem3, Soheila Asaadi4, Nadia Ghorban Zadeh5

1. Corresponding author: Department of Psychology, MD, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran

*Email:Behrad 1355 @yahoo. Com

Introduction: Resilience in psychology refers to the idea of an individual's tendency to cope with stress and adversity. This coping may result in the individual "bouncing back" to a previous state of normal functioning, or simply not showing negative effects. Aggression, in its broadest sense, is behavior, or a disposition, that is forceful, hostile or attacking. Loneliness is an unpleasant feeling in which a person feels a strong sense of emptiness, yearning, distress and solitude resulting from inadequate quantity or quality of social relationships.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of training resilience in reducing aggression and loneliness in male students of city of Rasht.

Methods: This was an experimental study with pretest -posttest , experimental and control groups. Loneliness, aggression and resilience questionnaire was used to measure the variables. Statistical sample of this research consists of 30 male students at middle school level living in the city of Rasht who were selected through multi-stage and simple random sampling. Then, they were randomly replaced into two experimental and control groups. Training resilience as an independent variable was provided to the experimental group in 10 sessions with duration of 90 minutes for 10 weeks. Data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis (Mancova) using SPPSS version 18 .

Results: Results show that F is statistically significant (p<0/05).

Conclusion: The findings showed a significant difference between the two groups (p<0/05). Therefore, it can be concluded that training resilience had a positive effect on reducing aggression and loneliness of male students.

OlOO- Suicide prevention at school

Davari-Ashtiani Rozita1

LAssociate professor of child & adolescent psychiatry,Imam Hossein Hospital, department of psychiay, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Adolescents spend one-third of their day in school. For this reason, schools provide an ideal setting for suicide prevention strategies for adolescents.

First of all schools should have policies about the different aspects of suicide in the students which include effective response to suicidal behavior or threats and appropriate reaction to the aftermath of a suicidal attempt or a death by suicide.

In fact school personnel may play an important role in preventing, intervening, and coping with a student who may be suicidal.

Hence, schools should consider training staff and faculty about adolescent suicide. Staff and faculty training, sometimes referred to as gatekeeper training which usually consists of training any adult that interacts or observes students to identify who may be at-risk for suicide, determine the level of risk, know where to refer a potentially at-risk student, and how to contact these referral sources .

The next step is training parents and community members about suicide prevention. Parents should be informed about warning signs, risk factors, protective factors, community resources, and what to do during and following a suicidal crisis. The role of school includes increasing correct knowledge about adolescent suicide, increasing the ability of students to recognize another student potentially at risk for suicidal behaviors, encouraging students to seek help from school and community resources that are available.

It is critical that suicide prevention curriculum develop proper social, coping, and help-seeking skills, as well as problem-solving strategies, because research has shown that students who are potentially at risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors have deficits in these areas.

A comprehensive program will include postvention guidelines and procedures. Postvention guidelines are intended to provide a timely and proper response to a suicidal crisis (suicidal threat, attempt, or death by suicide).

A comprehensive school-based suicide prevention program will utilize various approaches and should not rely on one prevention method. In Iran we still do not have a comprehensive program in school policy about suicide, although there are some social skills training in the curriculum of the primary schools but they are not sufficient to prevent and control the effects of a suicidal behavior.

OlOl- Augmentation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with D-Cycloserine

soroorarman, Ali SoheiliMehr, Mohammad Reza Maracy

Background: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of combining D-Cycloserine (DCS) and cognitive behavioral therapy on adolescent patients with one type of anxiety disorders.

Methods: The present study was conducted as a double-blind randomized controlled trial on36 adolescent patients with anxiety disorders. Patients were assessed in two groups. In addition to 4 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy weekly in both groups, the case group received one 50-mg DCS capsule each day. The control group received a placebo capsule daily for a month. Age, sex, type of anxiety disorders "SCARED" and "CATS" scores were evaluated and compared between the two groups.

Results: The mean age of the studied patients (female80.6% and males 19.4%) was 14.1±1.8 years. The most frequent type of anxiety disorders among the study population was Generalized Anxiety Disorder, GAD (77.7%). Age, sex and the frequency of anxiety disorders were not statistically significant between the study groups (p-value>0.05).The mean score of "SCARED" and "CATS" questionnaires at the beginning of the study, after termination of treatment, and three months after treatment were not statistically significant between the groups (p-value>0.05).Also, decreased in values of "SCARED" and "CATS" during the evaluation time periods were not statistically significant between the two groups (p-values>0.05).

Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrated no differences in symptoms improvement of adolescent patients who received treatment protocol and 4 sessions of psychotherapy weekly, together with 50 mgs DCS compared to the patients of the control group.

0102- Self-Harm Behavior

Dr. Nooshin Pan'aresh1

1. Child & Adolescent Psychiatrist

Young people learn to cope with emotions in different ways. Tears, anger, depression and withdrawal are some of the ways of responding to - and finding relief from - overwhelming feelings. Some teens are troubled by frequent intense and painful emotions. While some are able to deal with these feelings, others react differently to their problems because they have not been taught ways to handle their emotions effectively. They are unable to find the words, and the buildup of feelings makes it difficult for them to think clearly. Some teens release this bottleneck by cutting or burning or otherwise hurting themselves. Self injury provides immediate relief, but this is a short-term solution with serious consequences.

Self injury is not a new phenomenon, and it is becoming more common. Because this is a very secretive activity, it is difficult to determine exactly how many young people are affected.

The rate of self injury is growing. There is a known link between self-harm and suicide. Individuals who self-harm may be considered at higher risk of further. more severe self-harm and later suicide. There is treatment, but as with all mental and physical conditions, early diagnosis is a key to a successful outcome.

Risk Factors for Self-harm

Research shows that a variety of risk factors exist for self-harm which make an individual more likely to engage in self-harming behaviors. A person may have one or more of the risk factors outlined below. However, some people who self-harm may have no experience of any of these factors. Alternatively, individuals who experience the risk factors discussed below may never engage in self-harming behaviors.

Childhood abuse, neglect and separation

Research shows that experiences from early childhood can be a strong predictor in the development of self- harming behaviors in adolescence or adulthood. The literature suggests that a dysfunctional family, father- daughter incest, abuse, childhood trauma, neglect or insecure attachment is associated with the development of self-harming behaviors.

Childhood Sexual Abuse

Evidence from research studies suggests that there is a relationship between child sexual abuse and self- harming behaviors in adulthood. For example, a study found that more than half (52%) of college students who reported a history of self-harm had been sexually abused as children.

Childhood Physical Abuse

Childhood physical abuse has also shown to be a reliable predictor of later self-harming behaviors.

Neglect

Findings suggest that the relationship between childhood neglect and development of self-harming behaviors depends on the type of neglect experienced. Emotional neglect was found to be the strongest predictor of later self-harm, whereas physical neglect was not shown to be a strong predictor in the development of self-harming behaviors.

Childhood Separation or Loss

Research suggests a relationship between prolonged separation from a caregiver or loss of a parent during childhood and later self-harming behavior. Childhood separation from a parent or caregiver was the strongest predictor of self-harming behaviors among college students, accounting for 12% of the variance in this population.

Quality of Childhood Attachment

Findings suggest that even among people with no history of separation neglect or abuse, there are certain aspects of the quality of the attachment with their parents which play a role in the later development of self-harming behaviors. Research shows that the quality of the bond between parent and child can lead to the development of self-harm behaviors in adulthood.

Individual and Enviromnental Influences Self-harming behaviors typically commence in adolescence, although this may not be the case for all individuals. Gender is an important risk factor as females are more likely to self- harm than males.

Individual motives for self-harming behavior are diverse and may be a short or long term response to emotional difficulty, low self-esteem, anger, isolation, grief or traumatic life experiences such as rape or divorce. People who are highly sensitive to emotional stimuli, have extreme emotional reactions and have trouble dealing with expressing emotions in a verbal form are vulnerable to self-harming behaviors.

Another major risk factor is a prior history of self- harming behaviors: if a person lias self-harmed before they have a much higher chance of self-harming again when placed under stress or crisis, or experience emotions they are unable to cope with.

Other research suggests social and enviromnental influences that may contribute to a person's risk of self-harm include: poor problem solving skills, impulsivity, emotionally and physically abusive enviromnents, war and poverty.

Bullying by peers is a major problem during the early school years. A small proportion of children frequently exposed to this form of victimization already deliberately harmed themselves and in some cases attempted to take their own lives. Frequent victimization by peers increases the risk of self-harm independently of a range of potential confounders. Children exposed to family adversity or who had specific concurrent mental health difficulties had the greatest risk of engaging in self destructive behaviors after exposure to bullying by peers. Therefore, schools and healthcare professionals aiming to prevent adolescents' self harm should reduce bullying and introduce self harm risk reduction programs for bullied children with any of the following risk factors: a family history of suicidal behavior, maltreatment at home, symptoms of depression or psychosis, conduct problems, or borderline personality characteristics.

Mental Illness and Mental Health Problems

Self-harming behaviors may be linked with mental illness, in particular depression, anxiety, personality disorders, phobias, conduct disorders and substance abuse. Recent studies, however, suggests that self-harm is a 'phenomenon in and of itself' as self-harming behaviors can reflect the level of a person's distress independent of mental illness.

0103- Effectiveness of Group Cognitive-Emotional Skills Training on Improvement of Anxiety Management in Primary School Children

Introduction: Anxiety disorders are one of the most common childhood psychological disorders. High level constant anxiety in conjunction with supreme dysfunction may be marked by prevention of doing school activities, relationship with peers or achieving the developmental milestone.

Objectives: The main goal of the present study is to verify if group cognitive-emotional skills training results in better anxiety management skills in primary school children and if the said trainings are at all effective in improving realistic views in such children.

Method and Materials: The study takes an empirical approach using pre-test and post-test phases with a control group. CEMS Children Emotional Management Skills Scale and RCMAS Children Manifest Anxiety Scale were used as data gathering tools. The statistical population included all primary school girls in the age range of 7 to 11 years in Mashliad; among whom 30 students were selected by multiple-phase cluster sampling. They were then placed in a test group (n=15) and a control group (n=15) by random selection. The test group received 12 sessions (1.5 hours) of group training on cognitive-emotional skills.

Results: Given the results of independent t tests, group training based on cognitive-emotional approach was generally effective in managing anxiety of primary school children in a way that the test subjects showed pleasant changes in their management of anxiety compared to their pre-intervention status (P=0.00). Also, the results of Yeoman-Whitney test on the children manifest anxiety scale demonstrated that group training of cognitive-emotional skills enabled the test subjects to assess themselves with more realism and less exaggeration (P=0.005).

Conclusion: The findings of this demonstrate the significance and effectiveness of using anxiety management training programs for efficient and all- aspect growth and development of children.

0104-The Influence of Eye Fixation and Eye Tracking Exercise sonPerformance of Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)onaComputerized Task Designed for Impulsivity Assessment

NajmeRastikerdar1 , JavadGolmirzavi1, Zahra Saffariyan1

1. Corresponding Author: Clinical Psychologist, Research Center for Behavioral and Neuro Sciences, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. Bandar abbas, Iran

*Email: rasti_psy(a)yahoo.com

Introduction: According to Moore (2005), Eye Fixation and Eye Trackingis used in clarification of inattentiveness and Impulsivity (two major impairment) of Children With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Methods and Materials: This Causal-comparative study used availability sampling to select 32children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The subjects were randomly divided in to two groups (16in each group). Eye fixation and eye tracking exercises were provided to mothers of children in the experimental group. They exercised over a period of 8 weeks. Then, they were tested using a similarities task. Similarities task is a new computerized task designed by the corresponding author for impulsivity assessment of children with ADHD. In this task, individuals should recognize one image that is more similar to the image pattern on the top of the screen than the other two images. Images with 5 different speeds rotate around themselves so we can use them for impulsivity assessment.

Results: ADHD patients scored higher in the similarities task which was not attributable to the response-bias and antipsychotic medication.

Conclusions: Our results confirmed the hypotheses stated in Moore's opinion about the mechanism of inattentiveness and impulsivity of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

0105- Suicide prevention at school

Davari-Ashtiani Rozita1

1.Associate professor of child & adolescent psychiatry, ImamHossein Hospital, department of psychiav, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences

Adolescents spend one-third of their day in school. For this reason, schools provide an ideal setting for suicide prevention strategies for adolescents.

First of all schools should have policies about the different aspects of suicide in the students which include effective response to suicidal behavior or threats and appropriate reaction to the aftermath of a suicidal attempt or a death by suicide.

In fact school personnel may play an important role in preventing, intervening, and coping with a student who may be suicidal.

Hence, schools should consider training staff and faculty about adolescent suicide. Staff and faculty training, sometimes referred to as gatekeeper training which usually consists of training any adult that interacts or observes students to identify who may beat-risk for suicide, determine the level of risk, know where to refer a potentially at-risk student, and how to contact these referral sources .

The next step is training parents and community members about suicide prevention. Parents should be informed about warning signs, risk factors, protective factors, community resources, and what to do during and following a suicidal crisis. The role of school includes increasing correct knowledge about adolescent suicide, increasing the ability of students to recognize another student potentially at risk for suicidal behaviors, encouraging students to seek help from school and community resources that are available.

It is critical that suicide prevention curriculum develop proper social, coping, and help-seeking skills, as well as problem-solving strategies, because research has shown that students who are potentially at risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors have deficits in these areas.

A comprehensive program will include postvention guidelines and procedures. Postvention guidelines are intended to provide a timely and proper response to a suicidal crisis (suicidal threat, attempt, or death by suicide).

A comprehensive school-based suicide prevention program will utilize various approaches and should not rely on one prevention method. In Iran we still do not have a comprehensive program in school policy about suicide, although there are some social skills training in the curriculum of the primary schools but they are not sufficient to prevent and control the effects of a suicidal behavior.

0106- The Relationship between Endocannabinoid System and Cognitive Problems in Autism

YasamanBagherzadeh, Mohammad TorabiNami, HamidrezaChegini

Objective: Autism is a neuro-developmental disorder which involves three main aspects of behavior: 1- speech and communication, 2- social interactions and 3- stereotype behaviors. Autism is associated with cognitive problems such as theory of mind, executive dysfunction and weak central coherence. This review tries to firstly outline the evidence of how modulation of the cannabinoid system can cause autism and describe its relationship with cognitive problems; secondly describe how anitipyretics (e.g. acetaminophen) taken during pregnancy and after birth (for vaccine reactions) could activate cannabinoid system and subsequently lead to autism.

Method: We did a through systematic search in electronic databases including Medline, Scopus, Cochrane library and ISI in a non-iterative data review format. Results: Two of the prominent features of autism are immune system dysregulation and abnormal brain-neuron organization. Recent studies have shown that these conditions are under the influence of the end ocannabinoid system. Developmental exposure to cannabinoids causes enduring neuro-functional alterations. This system acts through its two main receptors CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors - which are very important for neuron differentiation and proper axonal migration during fetal life - are concentrated in brain regions which are considered dysfunctional in autism. These includes amygdale, hippocampus, cerebellum and basal ganglia. Modulating CB1 cannabinoid receptors possibly interrupt normal development in these brain regions, and could trigger cognitive problems of autism. CB2 receptors located in immune system structures are responsible for autoimmunity in autism. Taking acetaminophen during gestation or early childhood could cause immune dysregulation by influencing CB2 receptors in autistic children. Acetaminophen is mainly metabolized by sulfation pathway in young children (<10 years old). Sulfation deficiency has been a suggested metabolic issue in autistic children.

Conclusion: Endocannabinoid which is a neuromodulatory system is important for normal brain development. Dysregulation of this system by exogenous cannabinoids or medications which interferes with this system could cause cognitive problems. This is at least partly attributed to influence receptors distributed in main brain regions contributing to cognitive processes.

0107- Study of MDD Epidemiology in Students of Middle School Students in Isfahan in 2007-8

FereshtehShakibaei

Introduction: Today depression is a more common disorder around the world. Depression presents in all agesandall races in both men and women. Studies show that the prevalence of depression has increased in adolescents. Some researchers believe that MDD (that influence function) under diagnosed & treatment in adolescent. More researches are needed to understand MDD prevalence in adolescents.

Objective: We studied prevalence of MDD in adolescent students in Isfahan.

Methods: This descriptive study was done on 1606 male and female students. The age range ofthe subjects was 11-16 and they were selected from middle schools of Isfahan using cluster sampling. CDI questionnaire was used for all of them(cut off =20).

Results: Three hundred fifty three students (22%) had MDD, and the prevalence rate of MDD was significantly more in girls than boys (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed prevalence of MDD in adolescents of Esfahan is a few above other area of world.

0108-Effective Communication Strategies with Family in Pediatric Nursing

VosoghiNazila

*Email: n. vososhi(alarums. ac. ir

Children are the most important resources and wealth of countries. In order to provide optimal care delivery to children and families based on family-centered care, the relationship between health care team and parents should be established. The aim of this study was to identify the types of family in order to establish effective communication.

Methods: This review study was based on medical studies, library and internet search. Dixon explains the relationship between parents and nurses with 4 features: 1- Silent in care: This type of family have limited involvement in children's issues and nursing care. In communication with such families do not insist on the participation and do not deal with them as a person with power. 2- Recipients of care: Their confidence level is very high and they are subject to misunderstanding. Please provide information for effective communication with the family. 3- Monitors of care: They are generally distrustful, and should be involved in all decisions. The Solution is negotiation. 4- Managers of care: They are like the previous group, with less rage. The base of family-centered care is open and honest relationships, medical information in understandable form and access to other parents who have children with similar conditions. In this article. different methods to communicate with families, especially in the critical circumstances are described. Conclusions: In general, duties of medical team is providing family-centered care, making relationship with parents in order to create a sense of empowerment to control the fate of family members. Medical teams should have respect to different styles of family in order to employ effective communication strategies to prevent possible instability caused by mental illness.

0109- The Effect of Parental Attachment on Adolescents 'Autonomy Regarding Parents' Attachment to their own Parents

Parichehr Ashraf , Mahmood Haghant, Amin Haghani3, Yamin Haghani4

1- Corresponding author: Educational psychologist, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

2- Assistant professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

3- Homeopath, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

4- Dentistry Student, International unit of Kish, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. , Shiraz, Iran.

*Email: ashraf.parichehr(a)yahoo. com

Introduction: Among the main changes in the adolescent period, "autonomy" is quiet important socially and psychologically. Autonomy has three dimensions of attitudinal, emotional, and functional. Family is considered as the most important social enviromnents of infants and adolescences. The rates of children's attachment to parents are the most effective variables on children's growth.

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationships between the adolescents' attachment to parents, parent's attachment to their fathers and mothers, age and educational level of parents (independent variables), the adolescents' autonomy and its dimensions (dependent variables).

Materials and Methods: Two hundred and seventy students (134 girls and 136 boys) of guidance school, high school and pre university levels in Shiraz were enrolled via cluster sampling method. The Inventory Parent and Peer Attaclunent (IPPA), and Adolescence Autonomy Questionnaire (AAQ) were applied.

Results: The results from regression analysis showed a significant and positive relationship between adolescents' attaclunent to their parents and attitudinal autonomy, adolescents' attaclunent to their father and attitudinal autonomy, adolescents' attaclunent to their father and functional autonomy, and parents' attaclunent to their fathers and mothers and functional autonomy. No significant relationship was found between the independent variables and emotional autonomy. The step-wise regression implied the adolescents' attaclunent to parents. Further, gender and age strongly predicted attitudinal autonomy.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that boys had more attitudinal autonomy compared to girls. Adolescents' attachment to their parents or fathers and the parents' attachment to their fathers and mothers are the most effective variables on adolescents' autonomy .

0110- Advantages of technology in children

Shokofe Mousavi

Assistant Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

The children may spend a lot of time on social networking or virtual world sites that may intercurrent with them personal life style and doing their responsibilities. The parents are always worry about their kids may share their personal information, discusses in appropriate behaviors that could get them into trouble or place them at risk. The use of technology and social networking have many benefits like : it allow the children to communicate with their friends and family , meet new people , reconnect with old buddies , plan their social life , participate in a group or cause that interests them, learn many new subjects and so on . Use of technology and social networking is one of the our daily life , so we must know about it to be able observe and guide them , because the more we know , the better we will be able to educate the children and protect against its side effects and provide a better qualification for their learning about their surrounding .

0111- A Comparison of Working Memory Function Regulation and Pharmacotherapy Effectiveness in Reducing Symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

M.R.Mohammadi1, A. Soleimani2, Z.Farahmand3, M. Salmanian4

1. Professor of Psychiatry, Tehran L of Medical Science

2. Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology

3. M.Sc. Student of Clinical Psychology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

4. M.Sc. in Psychology

*Email A ddress: mohammadimr@tums. ac. ir.

Objectives: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and critical disorder which consists of essential components such as working memory. Working memory as an executive function is a reference to process cognitive information in short term and transfer it to the long term memory. Working memory facilitates and controls attention and prevents. Although pharmacotherapy improves daily performance in ADHD children, it is more effective for long-term improvement if combined with other trainings. The purpose of this study was to compare working memory regulation training combined with pharmacotherapy, and exclusive pharmacotherapy to reduce ADHD symptoms.

Method: Using randomized sampling, 50 children with ADHD aged 6 to 12 were assigned in to 2 groups: 23 participants in experimental group who received working memory regulation training and pharmacotherapy; 25 participants in control group who received pharmacotherapy. To determine the effect of interventions, Conner's Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-48) was performed before and after interventions. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistic methods including, Student's t-test, Q-Q PLOTS graph, kolmogorov - smirnov test.

0112- The Packages developed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Package on "Psycho-social strengthening programmer in the schools"

The package was tailored for school counselors and its main target group is high risk students (aged 13-16). It includes three parts: 1- Training manual (138 pages); 2- Trainers' Booklet (158 pages); 3- Training workbook (84 pages). Several subjects are discussed such as different theories of drug abuse in youth, risk and protective factors on drug abuse of youth, drug abuse prevention models etc. The training workbook contains exercises, providing an opportunity for youths to gain more practice on the training manual. The package strengthens the capacity of counseling services and it also increases the counselors' knowledge about counseling for students at risk. In addition to the above mentioned purposes, the following objectives are also achieved: i) enhanced knowledge of counselors for conducting screening to find high-risk students, ii) strengthened health and psychosocial skills in high-risk students, and iii) increased confidence and skills of school counselors in working with high-risk students.

Package on "Strengthening parents with special focus on drug use prevention in families"

The main target group of this package is parents. It includes three parts: 1- Training manual (104 pages); 2- Trainers' Booklet (35 pages); 3- Training workbook (44 pages). The package focuses on several themes and concepts in the field of drug use prevention such as: life skills training, parenting skills, interpersonal skills, stress managements, anger management, domestic violence prevention, risk and protective factors, drug abuse and drug dependency and the role of parents in prevention of drug use. The package aimed to increase the knowledge and skills of parents on parenting, life and social skills as well as drugs and drug use prevention.

Package on "Parenting for Parents of Students: Audio - Visual"

The parenting skills' package was developed by UNODC and designed in audio - visual format for parents of students in guidance level. The main target group of this package is parents of students. The package aimed to achieve the following objectives: i) increase awareness and knowledge of students' parents about drug prevention; ii) educate students' parents to support the necessary skills in students for resisting social (peer) pressures to smoke, drink, and use drugs; iii) assist parents to facilitate the development of greater self-esteem, self-confidence, and effective cope skills in their children; iv) assist parents to enhance cognitive and behavioral competency in their students to reduce and prevent a variety of health risk behaviors.

0113- Teaching Working Memory in Children and Adolescents with ADHD

NedaRafieiTari1,Zahratalaeianzirak

*Email: drnrt&yahoo. com

The purpose of this study was to teach working memory to children and adolescents with ADHD. Working memory has been defined as the system which actively holds information in the mind to do verbal and nonverbal tasks such as reasoning and comprehension, and to make it available for further information processing. Working memory can be improved in ADHD patients through training using computerized programs.

This was a review of past researches. By searching in Google Scholar, and library search, 50 related papers published from 2000 to the present were reviewed. Active memory training can improve academic, behavioral and functional performance of ADHD patients.

0114- An Online Expert System for Screening Autism

A.A. Bagherzadeh1 , AI. Mahmoudt, H. Moradi3, H. Pouretemad*, B.Ghobari5, M.Shokouhi5

1. Corresponding author: Software Engineering, B. Sc. Student, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2. Department of Psychology, M Sc. Student, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3.School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Assistant Professor, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

4. Department of Psychology, Associate Professor, ShahidBeheshti University, Tehran, Iran

5.Department of Psychology, Associate Professor, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

*Email: amir. ali. bagherzade&gmail. com

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disorder characterized by impaired social interaction which results in failure to meet the typical milestones in a child's progress. Early detection of autism would lead to better interventions and improvements. In the United States and Japan all 18- 24 months babies are screened for Autism [1], Unfortunately, most families are not well aware of the symptoms of ASD to act as early as possible. On the other hand, it is not possible to screen all children in most countries the way children are screened in the United States and Japan. Therefore, this research is aimed to provide an online expert system to help families and doctors to answer a questionnaire, and determine the possibility of autism. The expert system presented here would be used as an online recommending system to warn parents and doctors in case there is a chance of autism.

The advantages of the system are as follows: a) its expertness reduces the number of questions that a user should answer to reach a reliable response; and b) an online system makes it feasible for anyone with internet access to benefit from this system regardless of location.

[1] S. E. Levy, D. S. Mandell, R.T. Schultz, 'Autism", The Lancet Core Clinical Collection; Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Oct. 12, 2009.

Objective: The objective of this system is to identify autistic children as soon as possible with minimum necessary questions.

Methods: To collect the best and minimal set of questions, 234 questions from different screening tools such as Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (NI- CHAT) were collected and used on a set of 100 normal and autistic children examined by experts. Then, three different classification methods, i.e. Neural Networks, Decision Trees, and Naïve Bayes were used to classify children. The classifier has been tested on over 100 subjects with 92% accuracy achieved using a multi- layer perceptron (MLP) Neural Network Classifier. The proposed expert system lias been made available online.

Results: We have reduced the number of questions needed for our expert system from 234 to 65 (4:1 reduction rate) and it still held acceptable accuracy (92%) by using MLP Feed-forward Artificial Neural Network.

Conclusion: This paper presents an online expert system for early detection of autism. This system can detect autism with high confidence. We found that if the neural network is broken into 4 networks, all cascaded and attached to a final network .the accuracy will increase over 96% in new test data (55 new data from 41 autistic and 14 normal kids). Future work will make the questionnaire more dynamic and improves its accuracy by using support vector machines. Through this, the system will tend to classify less autistic children as normal (reducing false positive answers).

0115- The Pilot study implementation of the code of conduct guideline for the children and adolescents in Imam Hossein Hospital

Fariba arabgol. 1,2. Mojgan Khademil, 2. Najmeh Khosra\>an Mehr

1- Behavioral Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

2. Department of psychiatry (Faculty of Medicine), Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

All the systems and centers that work with children and adolescents should have guidelines and standards considering how to behave and interact with children and adolescents clients. These guidelines include some behavioral principles that should be applied in connecting with children. The aim of this pilot study is to administer a conduct code guideline with children and adolescents in child psychiatric department of Emam Hosein hospital to recognize the limitations and problems, and to consider the possibilities of carrying out this study in other child treatment centers.

Method: The study was done in 3 phases that each one lasted 6 months.

The first phase( the research executive-educational strategy) which lasted 6 months, included preparing the instructional packages for educating children and adolescents and their families and for educating all staff who work directly and indirectly with children and their families in the health center and hospital, programming the committees for performing the project and evaluating it, preparing and equipping the places needed for the families and their children and preparing the questionnaires needed for evaluating the aims of the study. At the end of this phase the staffs were provided with some instructional classes and workshops considering how to behave with the clients to reach the goals of the code of conduct guidelines at the health center. The pre-test was also administered by filling in some questionnaires by the clients including the patients and their families, in this phase.

During the second 6-month-long phase of the study the guideline was implemented in the psychiatric ward and clinic, and in the third phase the post-test questionnaires were filled in by the clients. There were two groups in the study: the 'group I' were the pre-test subjects and the 'group II' were the post-test subjects. The analysis of the collected data was done through SPSS.

Results: The analysis of the data collected from the ward showed that more than 80% of the clients in both groups had enough satisfaction with the way the staff dealt with them and the second group was more satisfied when the patients were discharged from the ward in comparison with the beginning of the hospitalization and this difference was significant. Almost half of the clients in both groups believed that their children hospitalization environment was not suitable. They described the ward as a chaotic and disorganized place which lacks enough light, hygiene, facilities and entertainment for children.

There is also a significant difference between the two groups regarding their satisfaction with receiving the guidebooks about the ward, the necessary places, the treatment team, and the different diseases and also their satisfaction with the way of being provided with the Patient's Bill of Rights by installing a draft of its summary somewhere in sight that could be easily noticed.

The analysis of the results obtained from the subjects in the clinic indicates that in the second group the level of the clients satisfaction with the staff behavior was significantly increased (P=0.01) rather than the first group. There is a significant difference between the two groups based on their satisfaction with the out patient clinic status and conditions. Moreover, none of the indices related to the environmental unacceptability (inappropriateness) were selected by the second group clients. This satisfaction resulted from the separation of the adults and children wards lounges and improving the ward facilities following the code of conduct guideline administration for the children.

The difference between the 2 groups considering their satisfaction with the installing of the Patient's Bill of Rights in a visible place was also significant.

Discussion and conclusion: It can be concluded that there are some easily made changes such as improving the physical conditions and facilities, and the clients notification and informing which can be applied to the system to elevate the clients satisfaction. But changes like modifying the staff behavior and their interaction with the clients require more time, training, practice, and rehearsal.

Ol 16-Cyber Bully

Katayoun Razjouyan1

LAssistant Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

With going through digital ages more and more, a phenomenon under name of cyber bully is going to be more common especially in teens. By definition, it refers to actions that use information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group that is intended to harm another or others. These actions are deliberate and repeated. Unlike physical bullying, electronic bullies can remain virtually anonymous using temporary email accounts, pseudonyms in chat rooms, instant messaging programs, cell-phone text messaging, and other Internet venues to mask their identity; this perhaps frees them from normative and social constraints on their behavior.

In summer 2008 by using a random sample of approximately 2000 middle-school students from a large school district in the southern United States, about 10% of respondents had been cyber-bullied in the previous 30 days while over 17% reported being cyber-bullied at least once in their lifetime.

There are various side effects of cyber bully victimization. Victims of cyber bully have lower self- esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and a variety of emotional responses, retaliating, being scared, frustrated, angry, and depressed. One of the most damaging effects is that a victim begins to avoid friends and activities.

To prevent and minimize the side effects of cyber bully on children, parents have to teach the safety tips of using these communication technologies and recognize the first warning signs of cyber bully on their children and teens

0117- Evaluation of validity of Eyes Test in Primary School Children

Azar Mohammad zadehl, Zahra shahrivar1, Mehdi tehrani-Doostl, Anahita Khorrami-Banaraki2

1 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran

2 Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran Correspondence to: Zahra Shahrivar Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Roozbeh Hospital

Email: Sharivar(a\sina. turns, ac. ir

Objective: The ability to understand and refer others' mental states is called theory of mind. The main aim of this study is to validate the Eyes Test in a group of primary school children in Tehran..

Methods: A total number of ninety children aged of 9 to 11 years were recruited from primary schools. The children version of Eyes Test was used in these children. They were asked to describe what is expressed through the eyes using their own words. The answers were evaluated and categorized in three categories: intentions, thoughts, and emotions.

Results: The findings showed that 54.2% of children used emotional words especially negative ones (38.8%) while describing the eyes. Twelve percent of participants' descriptions were based on thoughts and 2.9% were on intentions.

Conclusion: Based of the findings of this study the explanations of Iranian children on the Eyes Test were mostly emotional which is inconsistent with other studies.

Ol 18- Depression in Hospitalized Children

Saghi Elmi1, SevedJavad Sevedi', RezaErfani Sayar3, Shaghavegh Rahmani4 *, Sam Elmi5

1. Pediatrics resident, Mashhad University of Medical sciences.

2. Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

3. Anesthesiology Resident, Gillan Medical University

4. Corresponding author: General practitioner, research center for patient safety and health quality, Mashhad University of Medical sciences

5. Intern, Mashhad University of Medical sciences

*Email: [email protected]

Introduction: Depression in critically ill and leukemic children is common due to log hospitalization and chemotherapy. International statics show that 20 percent of hospitalized children are depressed.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the rate of depression among hospitalized children in Mashhad.

Method: In this case control study, depression rate was compared between leukemic children and surgery ward children with acute disease using CDI test in children of Dr.Sheykh hospital in Mashhad in 1391 with random cluster sampling method. SPSS software was used for data analyses.

Results: The overall prevalence of depression in all patients was 65%. Mild depression was observed in 25 percent of children with acute disease. Moderate (33%) to severe (67%) depression in leukemic children were excited. Prevalence of depression in patients with leukemia was significantly higher around puberty. Duration of Hospital stay in patients with leukemia was associated with severe depression but this difference was observed in acute disease.

Conclusion: Children with chronic disease like leukemia who are hospitalized for a long time are at the risk of developing mood disorders which can affect the result of treatment. The result of this study underlines the children's mental health as an important factor in treatment process during hospitalization.

Ol 19- Mental Health Improvement of Childre nusing Appropriate Behavior Management Techniques through Dental Treatment

Mehr sa Parvab1

1. Assistance Professor:Department of PaediatricDentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

*Email address: drmparyab&yahoo.com

Introduction: Certain retrospective studies have attributed the adult dental fear to unpleasant treatment received during early childhood. Pediatric dentistry attempts to provide a positive outlook in kids following a dental visit. Because of limitation in vocabulary, understanding and emotional development of younger children, one of the primary duties of the dentist is to allay the anxiety and fear of the patient visiting the dental clinic by adopting behavior management techniques when dealing with anxious children. Long term consequences of these techniques in transitioning from childhood to adulthood perception and acceptance of dentistry should be considered.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to review the articles which evaluated the long term consequences of invasive behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry.

Methods: The primary search was done with focus on the journals of the American academy of pediatric dentistry .A Medline search was also conducted for publications involving behavior management techniques in dental settings.

Results: The researches in various cultures on this topic revealed that the introduced techniques have positive short and long term effects on the child's anxiety reduction.

Conclusion: It seems that all of the basic and advanced techniques do not have any side effects on the child's behavior. It is advocated to allay the patients' dental fear and anxiety using a wide variety of techniques in a variety of settings. It has been suggested to evaluate these effects in the Iranian children.

0120- Epidemiology of Suicide and Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents

Suicide is a significant public health problem worldwide. The suicide rate among children and adolescents in the U.S. has increased dramatically in recent years. In 2006, the age-adjusted suicide rate among youth aged 10-19 years in the U.S. was 4.16 per 100,000 persons. It is well established that rates of suicide and suicide-related behaviors increase with age. Suicide among 15- to 24-year-olds was the third leading cause of death, and in 5- to 14-year-olds the fifth leading cause in US in 2003. Suicide rates are higher among boys than girls, while girls have higher rates of suicidal ideation and attempted suicide. Suicide prevalence is also affected by race and ethnicity. Previously, firearms have been the leading suicide method among U.S. youth, followed by hanging/suffocation, and self-poisoning but recently substantial changes have occurred in suicide methods especially among young females. Iranian studies concerning this issue are scarce. In a research done in Iran by Pajoumand A and colleagues(1997-2007), 6414 patients, aged 8-16, who attempted suicide, were investigated and 22.6% were males, 5978 patients were 12-16 years old and the rest were aged 8-12 years and over the 10-year period, suicides in children showed no significant increase.

0121- Family and Internet Safety

Elham Shirazi1

1.Child and adolescent psychiatrists, Associate Prof. ofMental Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

E-mail: e_shirazi@tums. ac. ir

Introduction: Internet has been used increasingly over the last ten years, and endless possibilities exist for learning and exploring on the Internet.

Objective: Internet carries some risks, because it is unregulated and not all the information on it is accurate and safe. Parents should ensure that their family's internet experience is safe and educational.

Methods: A literature review on this issue was performed and presented.

Results: '/lie best way for parents to protect children is to be involved in their lives, pay attention to what they do, and keep the lines of communication open. Children need supervision and monitoring so that they are not exposed to inappropriate materials. Parents need to stay in close touch with their children as they explore the internet. Using internet can be most enjoyable and safe if you spend time together at the computer as a family. It is important to have a set of rules when your children use this service: l)Make sure your children understand what you consider appropriate and what areas are off limits.2) Let them know that the rules are for their safety.3) Children need to know that personal information should not be given over the internet. 4) They need to know the fact that people on the internet may not be who they appear to be and that they cannot trust everything they read online.

5) If you or your children come across any thingillegal or threatening, you should report it. 6) Set limits on how often and how long they can be online, surfing the web should not take the place of other important activities, including homework, playing outside, sports, music, book-reading, or spending time with friends. 7) It is common for children to know more about the internet and computers than their parents. It is best to use this as an opportunity by asking your child to teach you how to use the internet.

Conclusion: There are many steps parents can take to help their children gain the benefits of the internet while steering clear of the dangers.

0122- Evaluation of "Theory of mind" in 9 to 11 year old children using the Eye Test

Azar Mohammad zadeh2, Mehdi Tehranidoostl, Zahra shahrivarl, Anahita Khorami-Banaraki2

Correspondence to: Mehdi Tehrani-Doost Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Roozbeh Hospital

Email: [email protected]

1 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran

2 Institute of Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran

Eyes test was developed to evaluate theory of mind components including intentions thoughts, and emotions. This study is an introductory research on evaluating the Eyes test on an Iranian community sample children.

Methods: Ninety children aged between 9 and 11 were recruited from main stream schools. The participants were examined using the children version of Eyes Test. They were instructed to choose one of four options which is the most consistent with the thoughts, intentions or emotions expressed by the eyes. The answers were scored and divided in three categories.

Results: More than fifty percent of children chose 56% percent of choices describing intentions. Around 50% percent of participants selected just 40% of emotional options and 35% of choices indicating thoughts.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study more than half of Iranian child aged 9 to 11 years identified intentions expressed through the eyes. This is in consistent with the other studies. This result needs to be evaluated in larger samples with different age groups.

0123- Will psychiatric disorders be classified as contagious diseases in future?

Shirin Sayyahfar1

1. Subspecialist in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ali Asghar Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

In 1985, Rott and Koprowski reported that serum from patients with bipolar disorder reacted with cells infected with Borna disease virus (BDV).This finding provoked the hypothesis of infectious agents being the cause of psychiatric disorders. BDV, a neurotropic RNA virus with a wide geographic distribution, infects several vertebrate animal species and causes central nervous system (CNS) infection with various manifestations, depending on both host and viral factors. In animal infections, BDV can persist in the CNS and induce alterations in brain cell functions, neuro developmental abnormalities and behavioral disturbances. An association between BDV and psychiatric disorders (essentially schizophrenia and affective disorders) has been suggested by some serologic and molecular studies.

More than 80 studies have reported an association between BDV and a wide range of human illnesses that include MDD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, glioblastoma multiform and dementia. On the other hand in 2012 a blinded case-control study reported the absence of association of psychiatric illness with this virus.

According to the presence of this virus in Iran we need more studies especially in pediatric age group to evaluate the relationship between this infection and psychiatric disorders.

The pathobiologic and epidemiologic characteristics of this virus have been discussed in this article. In addition the recent studies about this association have been reviewed. Perhaps infectious subspecialists will treat Psychiatric patients in future!

0124- Abstract:

Mahdavi

Objective: A considerable number of studies have tried to explain the behavioural aspects of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) by relating the preservative features to executive dysfunction. ASDs have shown deficits in some aspects of Executive Function (EF), however, they have shown inconsistent performance in measures. A possible relation between a behavioural profile for EF and autism symptoms was inspected in a group of otherwise healthy participants with ASD.

Method: participants with ASD were included. Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) was completed by their parents and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was filled in by observations and interviewing with parents or school instructors. EF profiles and behavioral problems of a group of age and gender-matched controls were assessed for comparison.

Results: Inhibition scale had the highest impairment in the ASD group, contradicting most BRIEF studies that had indicated shifting as the most impaired sub-scale in ASDs. Aberrant sensory symptoms and EF correlated negatively. Some social constructs of CARS correlated positively with parent ratings of BRIEF and CARS' Visual response was associated with the Global Executive Composite (T5= .? I IPII I I ).

Conclusion: A higher dysfunction in inhibition may reflect ASD developmental variation and possibly higher cognitive impairments of an ASD group which coincided ADHD symptomatology. The results may reflect the developmental interactions between executive dysfunction and theory of mind in ASDs. EF impairment related to behavioral difficulties in normal individuals can support an effect of the psychiatric backgrounds on EF profiles.

0125- Epidemiology of Suicide and Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents

Suicide is a significant public health problem worldwide. The suicide rate among children and adolescents in the U.S. has increased dramatically in recent years. In 2006, the age-adjusted suicide rate among youth aged 10-19 years in the U.S. was 4.16 per 100,000 persons. It is well established that rates of suicide and suicide-related behaviors increase with age. Suicide among 15- to 24-year-olds was the third leading cause of death, and in 5- to 14-year-olds the fifth leading cause in US in 2003. Suicide rates are higher among boys than girls, while girls have higher rates of suicidal ideation and attempted suicide. Suicide prevalence is also affected by race and ethnicity. Previously, firearms have been the leading suicide method among U.S. youth, followed by hanging/suffocation, and self-poisoning but recently substantial changes have occurred in suicide methods especially among young females. Iranian studies concerning this issue are scarce. In a research done in Iran by Pajoumand A and colleagues(1997-2007), 6414 patients, aged 8-16, who attempted suicide, were investigated and 22.6% were males, 5978 patients were 12-16 years old and the rest were aged 8-12 years and over the 10-year period, suicides in children showed no significant increase.

0126- Medication Use in Specific Illnesses

Elham Shirazi, M. D.1, Ladan Afshar Khas, M. D1., Shirin Sayyahfar, M. D1., Nasrin Hoseyni Nejad, M. D1

1. Mental Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Abstract: At least 10% of children with physical illness have psychiatric symptoms severe enough to have an impact on their daily lives. Effective psychopharmacological intervention can help them relieve emotional and behavioral distress related to their illness or treatment. Common Psychiatric symptoms targeted by medications are: agitation, anxiety, delirium, depression, fatigue, inattention, insomnia, pain, psychosis, and withdrawal.

It is generally preferable to choose a medication with a short half-life, which can be administered in a single dose, are easily titrated, do not require frequent laboratory monitoring, and it is better to avoid introducing more than one medication at a time.

With the exception of lithium, methylphenidate, venlafaxine, divalproex sodium gabapentine, and topiramate, most psychoactive drugs are 80% to 95% bound to protein. The unbound drug is typically pharmacologically active. This is important because albumin binding is decreased in many illnesses, therefore necessitating adjustments to medication dosages. Medications are primarily metabolized by the liver and gastrointestinal tract and excreted through the kidneys. Clinicians should be aware of medications and illnesses that have an impact on hepatic metabolism and blood flow or impair renal excretion.

Hepatic disease: Initial dosing should be reduced and titration should proceed more slowly in patients with hepatic disease. For drugs with significant hepatic metabolism intravenous administration may avoid first- pass metabolic effects and result in similar dosing and acting, as in patients with normal hepatic function. Gastrointestinal diseases: Extended-released medication preparations may have fewer gastrointestinal side effects and are better tolerated in these patients.

Renal diseases: Initial doses of medications should be reduced, and dosing intervals lengthened in patients with renal failure. The rule of two-thirds is that medication doses should be reduced by one-third of the normal dose in patients with renal insufficiency. With the exception of lithium methylphenidate, velafaxine, divalproex sodium, gabapentine, and topiramate, most psychotropic medications may not require significant dosing adjustment in patients with renal failure.

In general, it is helpful to follow the maxim "start low and go slow " when initiating medication in children with hepatic, gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiac diseases.

0127- Mood Disorders in Specific Physical Illnesses

Ghazal Zahed, M. D. Behavioral Science Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science

Depression co-occurring with physical illness is common in patients and worsens the prognosis of many general medical conditions. The relationships between mood disorders and specific general medical conditions have been well established, including:

Cancer: As many as 75% of children with cancer survive 5 years or more, and live an average of seven decades after being diagnosed. Among pediatric patients, prevalence estimates for depressive symptoms range from 7% to 32%. Depression in cancer patients lias been associated with a poorer prognosis, higher disease mortality, longer hospital stays, behavior problems, and poor adherence to medical treatments. Depression may result from the psychological distress associated with a recent diagnosis, antineoplastic treatments, underlying neurological or medical problems, medications, endocrine disturbances, nutritional problems, metastasis, or recurrence of a preexisting mood disorder.

Epilepsy: Epilepsy impacts the social, cognitive, and emotional development of children and adolescents. 12%-26% of children with epilepsy have some type of mood disorder. Risk factors appear to include negative attitudes toward their illness, dissatisfaction with family relationships, loss-of-control feelings, family or personal history of depression, parent and family depression in response to diagnosis of the illness, and use of depression-inducing antiepileptic medications. Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence rates for depression among pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus are as high as 26%, common among those newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Associated risk factors were the first year of diagnosis, preexisting anxiety, and maternal psychopathology. The identification and treatment of depression are important, because Depression has been associated with poor mental and physical functioning as well as poor glycemic control ( no adherence to dietary and medication requirements, reduced self-worth and lower quality of life)

Chronic kidney diseases: Psychosocial factors have a strong influence on adherence and medical outcomes, higher rates of depressive disorders and psychosocial adjustment difficulties in chronic kidney diseases.