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© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Simple Summary

The composition of milk not only has nutritional implications, but is also directly related to the income of dairy producers. As regards milk’s composition, concerns around milk protein have emerged from the increased consumption of casein products. The synthesis of proteins in milk is a highly complex and high-cost process, because the conversion efficiency of dietary protein to milk protein is very low in dairy cows. Thus, some studies have increased milk protein by using protein supplements or a single amino acid (AA) supply. AAs are the building blocks of protein, and can also stimulate the protein synthetic pathway. This review mainly concerns the use of AAs for producing milk protein in high-producing dairy cows, particularly with methionine, lysine, and histidine. Understanding the mechanisms of AAs will help to promote milk protein synthesis in the dairy industry.

Abstract

As the preference of consumers for casein products has increased, the protein content of milk from dairy cows is drawing more attention. Protein synthesis in the milk of dairy cows requires a proper supply of dietary protein. High protein supplementation may help to produce more milk protein, but residues in feces and urine cause environmental pollution and increase production costs. As such, previous studies have focused on protein supplements and amino acid (AA) supply. This review concerns AA nutrition for enhancing milk protein in dairy cows, and mainly focuses on three AAs: methionine, lysine, and histidine. AA supplementation for promoting protein synthesis is related to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex and its downstream pathways. Each AA has different stimulating effects on the mTOR translation initiation pathway, and thus manifests different milk protein yields. This review will expand our understanding of AA nutrition and the involved pathways in relation to the synthesis of milk protein in dairy cows.

Details

Title
Amino Acids Supplementation for the Milk and Milk Protein Production of Dairy Cows
Author
Jung-Eun, Kim  VIAFID ORCID Logo 
First page
2118
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20762615
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2554362300
Copyright
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.