ANN Synthesis Model of Single-Feed Corner-Truncated Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna with an Air Gap for Wideband Applications

Abstract

A computer-aided design model based on the artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed to directly obtain patch physical dimensions of the single-feed corner-truncated circularly polarized microstrip antenna (CPMA) with an air gap for wideband applications. To take account of the effect of the air gap, an equivalent relative permittivity is introduced and adopted to calculate the resonant frequency and Q -factor of square microstrip antennas for obtaining the training data sets. ANN architectures using multilayered perceptrons (MLPs) and radial basis function networks (RBFNs) are compared. Also, six learning algorithms are used to train the MLPs for comparison. It is found that MLPs trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm are better than RBFNs for the synthesis of the CPMA. An accurate model is achieved by using an MLP with three hidden layers. The model is validated by the electromagnetic simulation and measurements. It is enormously useful to antenna engineers for facilitating the design of the single-feed CPMA with an air gap.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)

Academic Editor:Francisco Falcone

School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China

Received 15 October 2013; Accepted 20 January 2014; 25 February 2014

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Introduction

Wideband circularly polarized microstrip antennas (CPMAs) have been widely adopted in radio frequency identification readers [1-3], global navigation satellite systems [4, 5], and mobile satellite communication systems [6, 7]. Generally, the single-feed and dual-feed structures are used in CPMAs. The dual-feed structure provides a wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth, but it requires a large ground plane size for the feed network [8]. The single-feed configuration only involves slightly perturbing the patch structure at appropriate locations to excite two orthogonal modes with a 90° phase shift for CP radiation. Some ingenious perturbation techniques have been reported to generate circularly polarized (CP) radiation of single-feed CPMAs, such as the diagonal-feed near square, square with stubs or notches along the two opposite edges, corner-truncated squares, and squares with a diagonal slot [9]. The well-known method of producing CP radiation of a single-feed square microstrip antenna by symmetrically truncating a pair of patch corners [10] has been widely used. It has the advantages of simple structure, easy manufacture, and low cost. However, it has inherently narrow AR bandwidth of 0.5-1% [10, 11]. For a wider AR bandwidth, an air gap has been introduced below the radiating patch [12] or the dielectric substrate [13]. The CP performance of single-feed CPMAs with different thickness of the air gap is reported in [14], and the AR bandwidth is enhanced to 14%. In addition, tuning the air gap is a simple method of changing the resonant frequency of the microstrip antenna [15], without resorting to a new antenna.

The design theory of the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA has been reported by Haneishi and Yoshida in 1981 [10]. In the design process, the resonant frequency and Q -factor of the square microstrip antenna must be determined by empirical formulas [16-18], electromagnetic simulation, or practical measurement. It is well known that the electromagnetic simulation is inefficient, and the practical measurement is costly. So the empirical formulas constitute one of the feasible solutions to calculate the resonant frequency and Q -factor. However, empirical formulas are mathematically complex and the patch physical dimensions cannot be directly calculated. Therefore, a straightforward computer-aided design (CAD) model is required to facilitate the antenna design. In addition, a modification of the empirical formulas is necessary in order to take account of the effect of the air gap.

Recently, CAD models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been presented for the analysis and the synthesis of microstrip antennas in various forms such as rectangular, square, and circular patches [19-23]. The analysis model is used to determine the resonant frequency for a given dielectric material and patch structure. The synthesis model can be built with ANN inverse modeling method [24, 25] to compute patch physical dimensions for the required design specifications. An overview of the development of the analysis and the synthesis of microstrip antennas with the ANN has been reported in [26]. There are only synthesis models for linearly polarized microstrip antennas. Up to date, an ANN synthesis model for a single-feed CPMA is published by Wang et al. [27]. However, the model is only for narrow-band CPMAs. And the inputs of the model are H /_λg and _τd rather than H and tan δ . A transformation is needed before the use of the model, which is not too easy to use.

In this paper, a user-friendly synthesis model of the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap is proposed for wideband applications. First, an equivalent relative permittivity _{[straight epsilon]eq} is introduced to take account of the effect of the air gap. Using the _{[straight epsilon]eq} , the square microstrip antenna with an air gap (SMAAG) is analyzed to obtain the values of the resonant frequency and Q -factor. Then, the size of the truncated corners and the value of the CP operation frequency with the best AR are calculated to obtain the training and test data sets. Next, MLPs and RBFNs are used to construct the synthesis model for finding a proper ANN architecture. And an accurate model is achieved by using an MLP with three hidden layers. At last, the results of the synthesis model are compared with the HFSS simulation [28] and measurements. A good agreement among the results of the synthesis model, HFSS simulation, and measurements is obtained.

2. Theoretical Formulations

Figure 1 shows the configuration of the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap. A probe-feed square patch with a dimension of L×L is printed on a dielectric substrate with a thickness of _Hd , relative permittivity of _{[straight epsilon]r} , and loss tangent of tan δ . There is an air gap between the dielectric substrate and the ground plane. The height of the air gap is _Ha . A pair of patch corners shown in Figure 1(b) is symmetrically truncated to produce CP radiation.

Geometry of single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap: (a) side view, (b) top view.

(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

2.1. Equivalent Relative Permittivity

Here, we model the square microstrip antenna with an air gap by an equivalent single-layer structure of the total height _Ht =_Ha +_Hd with an equivalent relative permittivity _{[straight epsilon]eq} : [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where _{[straight epsilon]eff} is effective relative permittivity [29].

2.2. Resonant Frequency of SMAAG

Up to now, formulas based on transmission-line, cavity, and magnetic-wall models have been presented to determine the resonant frequency of the square microstrip antenna [30]. The measurement performed in [18, 30] has demonstrated that the formula based on the transmission-line model (TLM) is accurate for the substrate thickness in the range of H...4;0.1_λg . When a square microstrip antenna with an air gap is operating at its fundamental mode (i.e., TM₁₀ mode), the formula based on the TLM to calculate the resonant frequency is modified as [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where c is the velocity of electromagnetic waves in free space and _Le is the effective length of the square patch. The effective length _Le is obtained by adding the Hammerstad fringing length [31] to each end of the patch. It should be noted that the usage limitation of the formula (2) for the SMAAG is given by [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

2.3. Q -Factor of SMAAG

The total quality factor _Qt of the SMAAG can be expressed in terms of the Q -factors associated with the dielectric loss (_Qd ), conductor loss (_Qc ), radiation into space (_Qsp ), and surface-wave loss (_Qsw ), through the relation [18]: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] The formulas for _Qd and _Qc are well known [16]. _Qsp and _Qsw can be computed from the expressions of Jackson et al. [18].

2.4. CP Operation Conditions

Based on the theory presented by Haneishi and Yoshida [10], the CP operation conditions for the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap are rewritten as follows: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where _Lt is the size of the truncated corners and _f0 is the CP operation frequency with the best AR.

Noting that when the required CP operation frequency _f0 is given and the parameters of the dielectric substrate and the air gap (_{[straight epsilon]r} , tanδ , _Hd , and _Ha ) are supplied, the physical dimensions of the corner-truncated square patch (L and _Lt ) cannot be directly obtained from (2)-(6). To solve this problem, ANN inverse modeling method [24, 25] is used to construct the nonlinear relation between [_f0 , _{[straight epsilon]r} , tan δ , _Hd , _Ha ] and [L , _Lt ].

3. ANN Synthesis Model

ANNs were being developed for many years. Recently, the ANN has gained attention as a fast and flexible vehicle for microwave modeling and optimization [32]. Two types of ANNs (i.e., MLPs and RBFNs) are universal approximators. They have been widely used to construct the analysis and synthesis models for linearly polarized microsrtip antennas [19-23]. An MLP consists of three types of layers: an input layer, an output layer, and one or more hidden layers. The topology of the RBFN is similar to that of the MLP with one hidden layer. The differences lie in the characteristics of the hidden neurons, and the success of MLPs for a particular problem depends on the adequacy of the learning algorithm. To obtain a high-precision synthesis model, backpropagation with momentum (BPM), resilient backpropagation (RBP), conjugate gradient with Fletcher-Reeves (CGF), scaled conjugate gradient (SCG), Broydon-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS), and Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithms [32] will be used in this study to train the MLPs. And the MLP-based model will be compared with the RBFN-based model.

The aim of this paper is to develop an accurate synthesis model for the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap. Figure 2 gives an ANN synthesis model. The model can be used to calculate the physical dimensions of the corner-truncated square patch (L and _Lt ) for the required CP operation frequency _f0 with the given parameters of the dielectric substrate and the air gap (_{[straight epsilon]r} , tan δ , _Hd , and _Ha ).

Figure 2: ANN synthesis model for the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The accuracy of the ANN model depends on the data sets used during training. To obtain the training and test data sets, the formulas (2)-(6) are used to generate data for 0.2 mm...4;_Ha ...4;30.0 mm , 0.2 mm...4;_Hd ...4;5.0 mm , 1 ...4; _{[straight epsilon]r} ...4; 12, ^10-4 ...4; tan δ ...4; ^10-1.5 , and 5 mm...4;L...4;150 mm . The generated data are then arranged into the input and output matrices. A five-row matrix containing the values of _Ha , _Hd , _{[straight epsilon]r} , tan δ , and_f0 is used as the input matrix; a two-row matrix containing the corresponding values of L and _Lt is used as the output matrix. Due to the usage limitation of _Ht /_λeq ...4; 0.1 for empirical formulas presented in Section 2, the corresponding data for _Ht /_λeq > 0.1 is removed from the input and output matrixes. To facilitate an easier training process, the elements of each row of the input and output matrixes are scaled with respect to the row minimum and maximum values (e.g., 0.2 and 30 for the row, including the values of _Ha ) to transform their range to [-1,1] before training. In this study, out of the 10,000 data sets generated, 7,000 are used for training and the rest are used to test the trained ANN.

For the ANN to be an accurate synthesis model of the microsrtip antenna, a suitable number of hidden neurons are needed. To find a proper hidden layer configuration for the synthesis model of the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap, many experiments are carried out in this study. After many trials, it is found that the target of high accuracy is achieved by using an MLP with three hidden layers. The suitable hidden layer configuration for the synthesis model is 15×20×4 . It means that the numbers of neurons are 15, 20, and 4 for the first, second, and third hidden layers, respectively. The activation function for the hidden layers is the tangent sigmoid function, and that in the input and output layers is the linear function. Initial weights of the ANN are set up randomly. The mean square error (MSE) between the target and the output of the ANN is used to adapt the weights. The maximum allowable number of training epochs was 1000.

4. Results and Discussion

ANNs have been successfully adopted for the synthesis of the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap. To obtain an accurate synthesis model, MLPs are trained with the BPM, RBP, CGF, SCG, BFGS, and LM algorithms [32] and different hidden layer configurations for MLPs and RBFNs are investigated. The training times on a computer with a 3.3-GHz Intel Core i3-2120 CPU are recorded for comparison, and the quality of each model is evaluated with the maximal relative error (MRE), average relative error (ARE) [27], and MSE.

Table 1 gives the comparison of the MLP-based model trained with different training algorithms. It is seen that although the training time of the LM algorithm is more than that of other algorithms, the best performance of the MLP-based model is obtained by using the LM algorithm. It is also seen from Table 1 that, for the MLP-based model trained with the LM algorithm, the MRE is less than 2.2%, the ARE is less than 0.5[per thousand], and MSE is less than 8.2×^10-4 mm . These error values obviously show that the MLP trained with the LM algorithm can be used for accurately computing patch physical dimensions of the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap.

Table 1: Comparison of MLP-based synthesis model trained with different training algorithms.

Training algorithm	BPM	RBP	CGF	SCG	BFGS	LM
Training time (seconds)	77	80	193	158	292	912
MRE (%)	L	Training	321	79.7	95.6	92.4	14.1	1.56
Test	214	49.4	67.8	72.6	34.6	1.55
L t	Training	163	279	163	70.2	41.2	2.05
Test	185	102	46.3	78.8	42.3	2.19
ARE ([per thousand] )	L	Training	155	23.2	19.0	12.3	2.79	0.206
Test	156	23.6	18.3	12.3	2.82	0.224
L t	Training	123	27.2	22.6	16.5	4.49	0.367
Test	121	26.7	21.8	16.1	4.60	0.403
MSE (mm)	L	Training	285	7.96	4.67	1.76	9.85 × 10 - 2	5.96 × 10 - 4
Test	294	8.59	4.78	1.88	1.09 × 10 - 1	8.13 × 10 - 4
L t	Training	5.97	2.38 × 10 - 1	1.66 × 10 - 1	8.64 × 10 - 2	6.40 × 10 - 3	4.23 × 10 - 5
Test	5.61	2.54 × 10 - 1	1.57 × 10 - 1	8.74 × 10 - 2	7.16 × 10 - 3	6.46 × 10 - 5

Table 2 gives the comparison of the MLP-based model with different hidden layer configurations. It is observed that an MLP with three hidden layers is more accurate than an MLP with two hidden layers, and the synthesis model with a suitable hidden layer configuration (15×20×4 ) has higher accuracy and training efficiency. Furthermore, more hidden neurons require more training time when the number of hidden layers is constant.

Table 2: Comparison of MLP-based synthesis model with different hidden layer configurations.

Configuration of hidden layers		Two hidden layers			Three hidden layers
	15 × 14	15 × 20	15 × 26	15 × 20 × 2	15 × 20 × 4	15 × 20 × 6
Training time (seconds)	606	871	1146	827	912	1074
MRE (% )	L	Training	2.56	2.25	5.16	2.04	1.56	1.19
Test	3.37	2.30	5.66	1.41	1.55	1.35
L t	Training	7.82	4.12	3.88	2.87	2.05	1.29
Test	10.3	5.14	13.3	2.03	2.19	3.48
ARE ([per thousand] )	L	Training	0.491	0.473	0.754	0.288	0.206	0.190
Test	0.519	0.486	0.820	0.298	0.224	0.221
L t	Training	0.928	0.846	0.140	0.505	0.367	0.387
Test	0.968	0.871	0.141	0.540	0.403	0.415
MSE (mm)	L	Training	3.60 × 10 - 3	3.43 × 10 - 3	7.85 × 10 - 3	1.15 × 10 - 3	5.96 × 10 - 4	5 . 17 × 10 - 4
Test	4.77 × 10 - 3	4.17 × 10 - 3	9.94 × 10 - 3	1.31 × 10 - 3	8.13 × 10 - 4	8.09 × 10 - 4
L t	Training	2.95 × 10 - 3	2.46 × 10 - 4	6.39 × 10 - 4	8.90 × 10 - 5	4.23 × 10 - 5	5.07 × 10 - 5
Test	3.38 × 10 - 3	2.62 × 10 - 4	7.71 × 10 - 4	1.11 × 10 - 4	6.46 × 10 - 5	6.27 × 10 - 5

Table 3 gives the comparison of the synthesis model constructed with the MLPs and RBFNs. It is seen that the performance of the RBFNs is very bad compared with the MLPs, and the number of hidden neurons for the RBFNs is much more than that for the MLPs. Thus, RBFNs are unsuitable for constructing the synthesis model of the CPMA with an air gap.

Table 3: Comparison of the synthesis model constructed with MLPs and RBFNs.

Networks	MLP	RBFNs
Hidden layer configuration	15 × 20 × 4	100	200	300	400	500
Training time (seconds)	912	208	452	714	1032	1378
MRE (%)	L	Training	1.56	356	347	214	132	61.8
Test	1.55	225	191	115	528	1573
L t	Training	2.05	260	196	59.5	65.6	29.3
Test	2.19	148	118	55.9	158	471
ARE ([per thousand] )	L	Training	0.206	71.7	39.9	29.3	21.5	16.4
Test	0.224	70.3	39.8	31.0	26.6	28.1
L t	Training	0.367	44.6	23.1	15.9	11.9	9.0
Test	0.403	42.9	23.3	17.0	14.2	13.6
MSE (mm)	L	Training	5.96 × 10 - 4	51.4	16.2	9.15	5.32	3.24
Test	8.13 × 10 - 4	51.9	17.5	11.5	8.81	17.1
L t	Training	4.23 × 10 - 5	0.738	0.196	0.095	0.055	0.033
Test	6.46 × 10 - 5	0.731	0.224	0.130	0.092	0.124

To validate the MLP-based model, the results obtained from the synthesis model are compared with the HFSS simulation in Table 4. The patch dimensions (L and _Lt ) of the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap for the required operation frequency _f0 with the given parameters of the dielectric substrate and the air gap (_{[straight epsilon]r} , tan δ , _Hd , and _Ha ) are obtained from the MLP-based model, as given in the table. Then, the CPMAs with L , _Lt , _{[straight epsilon]r} , tan δ , _Hd , and _Ha are analyzed by HFSS simulation to obtain the CP operation frequency (_fs ) with the best axial ratio (_ARs ). It is observed from Table 4 that AR of all antennas is less than 1.85 dB. This means that CPMAs can be synthesized by using the proposed MLP-based model. Furthermore, there are some discrepancies between _f0 and _fs , which are likely due to the inaccuracies from the empirical formulas presented in Section 2, ANN calculation, and HFSS simulation. However, the maximal discrepancy is 1.9%, and the discrepancies can be corrected by slightly adjusting L . Therefore, the MLP-based model can be used to design the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap.

Table 4: Comparisons of results of MLP-based synthesis model and HFSS simulation.

Air gaps	Substrate materials	Required frequency	Outputs of synthesis model	HFSS simulation	| f 0 - f s | /f0 (%)
H a (mm)	H d (mm)	[straight epsilon] r	tan ... δ	f 0 (GHz)	L (mm)	L t (mm)	f s (GHz)	AR s (dB)
0.25	3.50	10.2	0.0023	1.000	54.70	4.25	1.019	0.90	1.90
2.000	25.69	2.73	2.008	1.07	0.40
3.000	16.05	2.13	2.957	0.53	1.43
0.50	2.50	4.50	0.0020	1.000	84.09	7.26	1.010	1.81	1.00
2.000	40.48	4.77	2.014	1.35	0.70
3.000	26.03	3.77	3.008	0.69	0.27
4.000	18.85	3.18	3.980	0.30	0.50
5.000	14.63	2.79	4.922	1.50	1.56

In this study, three CPMAs are fabricated on RF laminates (_{[straight epsilon]r} = 2.61, tan δ = 0.003, and _Hd = 1.5 mm) suspended above the ground plane with an air-gap height of _Ha = 2.5 mm. The far-field performances of these prototypes are obtained by using the SATIMO measurement system. We also obtain the far-field performances by the HFSS simulation. In Table 5, the results obtained from the MLP-based synthesis model are compared with the HFSS simulation as well as measurements. In the table, _fm is the measured CP operation frequency with the best axial ratio (A_Rm ) for patch dimensions L and _Lt obtained from the MLP-based synthesis model, while _fs and A_Rs represent the CP operation frequency and the axial ratio obtained by the HFSS simulation. It is observed from Table 5 that the measured AR for the antenna prototypes is less than 1.5 dB and the deviation for the measured CP operation frequency is also less than 1.9%. There is a good agreement among the results of the MLP-based synthesis model, HFSS simulation, and measurements.

Table 5: Comparisons of results of MLP-based synthesis model, HFSS simulation, and measurements. (_Ha =2.5 mm, _Hd =1.5 mm, _{[straight epsilon]r} =2.61 , and tanδ=0.003 ).

Required frequency	Outputs of synthesis model	Simulated	Measured	| f 0 - f s | /f0 (%)	| f 0 - f m | /f0 (%)
f 0 (GHz)	L (mm)	L t (mm)	f s (GHz)	AR s (dB)	f m (GHz)	AR m (dB)
1.575	76.59	9.97	1.560	0.05	1.594	1.47	0.95	1.21
2.445	47.77	7.58	2.402	0.82	2.487	0.54	1.76	1.72
3.000	38.12	6.66	2.935	0.89	3.048	0.95	2.17	1.60

5. Conclusion

An ANN synthesis model for the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap has been presented and investigated experimentally. For the MLP-based synthesis model, the MRE is less than 2.2% and the ARE is less than 0.5[per thousand] . These error values obviously show that the proposed model can be used to accurately compute the patch physical dimensions (L and _Lt ) simply, rather than by the iteration technique of applying the empirical formulas or electromagnetic simulation. It is exceedingly helpful to antenna engineers for designing the single-feed corner-truncated CPMA with an air gap.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 61071044 and 61231006), the Scientific Research Project of the Department of Education of Liaoning Province (no. L2013196), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (nos. 3132013053 and 3132013307), and the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (no. 2012BAH36B01).

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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