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Received Jan 11, 2018; Accepted Mar 6, 2018
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1. Introduction
Inflammation is a complex reaction that occurs within local or systemic animal organs in response to multiple endogenous or exogenous injuries, which mainly result in redness, swelling, fever, pain of organs, and tissue damage [1]. Berberine hydrochloride (C20H19CLNO4, Figure 1), also known as berberine, is a quaternary ammonium compound among Rhizoma Coptidis, Cortex Phellodendri, and other plants, and is found in Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rutaceae, and other plants containing isoquinoline alkaloid [2]. Moreover, related studies have demonstrated berberine hydrochloride has the effect of anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic, immunoregulatory, hepatoprotective, and anticancer activity [3–6]. In addition, there have been multiple reports regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of berberine hydrochloride, such as Zhang et al., who found that berberine hydrochloride had a significant protective effect on mice liver injury induced by LPS and can reduce the secretion of IL-1 and TNF-α [7]. Moreover, Nemoto et al. confirmed that berberine hydrochloride exhibits a positive effect on the prevention of postoperative intestinal adhesion and inflammation in mice, can markedly reduce the density of adhesion and severity, and also significantly reduces the expression level of corresponding inflammatory mediators [8]. Although multiple anti-inflammatory and pharmacological effects of berberine hydrochloride have been widely recognized throughout the world, the underlying molecular mechanisms of LPS-induced murine mastitis have yet to be reported systematically. The pathogenic microorganisms invade the breast epithelial cells or breast tissue loss; they will cause breast cancer defensive inflammatory response. Early in the inflammatory response, vasodilation occurs in impaired breast areas, vascular permeability increases, and blood vessels have inflammatory mediators (histamine, bacterial toxins, and leukotrienes) and other symptoms. As the exudate contains coagulation factors, it will cause lactation disorders. If breast stimulation stops in a short period of time, the inflammation in the blood vessels will decrease accordingly. If the infection is more serious, it will cause damage to the secretion of acinar, so that the lactation function of the lactation area is lost [9].
[figure omitted; refer to PDF]The main pathogenic factor of Escherichia coli