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Figure 1. Sources of hematopoietic stem cells. HSCs can be obtained from primary tissue sources, such as BM, MPB and UCB, or from cultured cell sources, such as ESCs and iPSCs. Generating ESCs from 5-7-day-old embryos, and iPSCs from adult somatic tissues, is also shown. These established cell lines can be further differentiated to HSCs
in vitro . BM: Bone marrow; ESC: Embryonic stem cell; HSC: Hematopoietic stem cell; iPSC: Induced pluripotent stem cell; MPB: Mobilized peripheral blood; UCB: Umbilical cord blood.
(Figure omitted. See article PDF.)
Figure 2. Methods for enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells from primary cell sources. Cells obtained from BM, MPB and UCB are enriched either by negative or positive selection using automated or manual (density centrifugal) methods. The most commonly practiced methods of positive enrichment are performed by flow cytometry using surface markers. Cell culturing methods are used to further enrich or increase the cell numbers of primitive, lineage-specific, immunomodulatory or genetically modified population of cells. BM: Bone marrow; HSC: Hematopoietic stem cell; MPB: Mobilized peripheral blood; RBC: Red blood cell; UCB: Umbilical cord blood.
(Figure omitted. See article PDF.)
Figure 3. Strategies for ex vivo hematopoietic stem cell expansion. HSCs are expanded ex vivo in 2D or 3D culture systems. The 2D culture systems that are used are on regular tissue culture plates with (A) media supplemented with cytokines and other growth factors; or (B) co-culture with stromal or other feeder support cells. Different biomaterial substrates are coated on tissue culture plates for the expansion such as: (C) natural biomaterials (acellular matrices); (D) biohybrid biomaterials (natural extracellular matrix [ECM] protein conjugated to a synthetic substrate); and (E) pure synthetic biomaterials. In the 3D culture systems HSCs are cultured on natural or synthetic 3D scaffolds, such as: (F) natural tissue-derived scaffold seeded with stromal cells; (G) ECM components-derived scaffold coated with either live stromal cells or ECM proteins; or (H) synthetic scaffolds seeded with live stromal or ECM proteins for HSC expansion. HSC: Hematopoietic stem cell.
(Figure omitted. See article PDF.)
The first successful bone marrow (BM) transplant (BMT) in humans was performed more than half a century ago by Edward Donnall Thomas [1], for which he was awarded the Noble Prize in 1990; this pioneering procedure has now...