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http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s11103-015-0406-y&domain=pdf
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Web End = Plant Mol Biol (2016) 91:703711
DOI 10.1007/s11103-015-0406-y
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s11103-015-0406-y&domain=pdf
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Web End = Received: 31 July 2015 / Accepted: 8 November 2015 / Published online: 19 November 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
of the root system of a plant with non-pathogenic rhizobacteria leads to an increased protection, it has been shown that this protection targets mainly necrotrophic pathogens whose connement depends on a functional jasmonic acid (JA)/ ethylene (ET) signaling defense pathway (Pieterse et al. 2012). In the case of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), on the other hand, the resulting protection is orchestrated via salicylic acid (SA) signaling and mainly leads to a protection against biotrophic organisms (Fu and Dong 2013).
Among the chemical inducers of resistance, the non-protein amino acid BABA has been known to induce plant defenses for more than 50 years (Papavizas 1964). BABA can induce resistance against an exceptionally high number of stresses such as attacks by virus, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, nematodes, and arthropods, as well as abiotic stressors like heat, cold or salt stress as reviewed in several reports (Jakab et al. 2001; Cohen 2002; Huang et al. 2011; Balmer et al. 2015). A possible natural presence of BABA in plants has been suggested (Gamliel and Katan 1992; Barrado et al. 2009). However, either the experimental description does not allow conrmation of the results (Gamliel and Katan 1992) or the reported amounts are extremely high and suggest some confusion with a related substance such as, i.e. the isomer gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Barrado et al. 2009). GABA and alpha-aminobutyric acid (AABA) are two isomers of BABA that are denitely present in plants (Loper et al. 2002; Shepherd et al. 2007; Okazaki et al. 2009; Renault et al. 2011; Nepi 2014), but they have no or only minimal resistance-inducing capacity (Cohen et al. 1994, 2007, 2010; Siegrist et al. 2000; Zimmerli et al. 2000; Cohen 2002; Silu et al. 2002; Amzalek and Cohen 2007). Interestingly, the efcacy of the BABA molecule seems to be stereospecic since experiments using the R and L form rather than the racemate, revealed that only the R enantiomer was biologically active
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